Friday, May 31, 2019

Realism vs. Liberalism :: essays research papers fc

International Politics Gerard Chretien Professor Jennifer Dwyer May 2, 2001 The realist perspective on externalistic political economy can be seen in the United States international trade policy with China. The United States being an established world power seeks to further enhance its international role by engaging in trade with another nation, that being China, this reflects the realist main idea that the state occupies center stage in global political affairs.The United States willingness to engage in the world market signals the idea of self national gratify that remind many of the policy followed by European states during the Monarch era. The idea is to maximize your protest agenda, at the same token minimize your states possible loss through risky policy engagement. The realist view reflects many of todays policy regarding international trade with China.On the other end of the spectrum, you have the liberals who soundly believe that the state should have a very limited imp act in the international political economic arena. They feel that the states interest and their goals change along with the context of the I.P.E. situation. The liberal perspective also offers the idea of cooperation among negotiating states that oppose the realist view that cooperation has an underlining meaning layabout it. The realists concepts and views ultimately render a more significant portrayal of U.S.-China international trade in comparison to the liberals perspective. It shows that the policy implemented reflects the United States sole interest in relative gains, in comparison with the liberals idea of absolute gain. In other words, the United States seeks to benefit from its interaction with China only for the sole settle of increasing its wealth and power.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Kerouac :: essays research papers

Martin, William2-14-97 makes, Ann. Kerouac A Biography. New York St. Martin&8217s Press, 1959, 1994.419 pp.Jack KerouacKerouac A Biography, helps to exempt how Jack Kerouac, the founder and closely important member of the Beat move workforcet, was influenced by the rapidly changing culture of the 1950&8217s, as well as, how Kerouac ignited a social and literal revolution in America, from which the Beatniks and Hippies emerged. All of Kerouac&8217s books drew public attention due to Kerouac&8217s originality and new style of composition. Kerouac&8217s originality and unique style of writing is withal why, &8220Kerouac is best known as the key figure of the artistic and cultural phenomenon of the 1950&8217s known as the Beat movement (Stine 273). Kerouac A Biography helps to explain why the statement above is true.The book, Kerouac A Biography, is very thorough and explains every aspect of Jack Kerouac past, present, and future. Everything is very detailed throughout the book. Acc ording to Deck &8220Ann Charter&8217s &8216Kerouac,&8217 taken as straight biography or as an evocation of perhaps one of the liveliest periods in American letters, is a pleasure. It is about men and ideas that changed everything. That&8217s reason is enough o read it (23). Deck&8217s statement is true, the book is a pleasure to read. Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on edge 12, 1922. Kerouac went to school in New York City and afterward served in World War II. After the war Kerouac became a wanderer, traveling through the United States and Mexico. Kerouac&8217s wandering and experiences are what created the subject matter of his books. Even though Charters is friends with Kerouac, she is not biased. Charters explains both the positive and negative aspects of Jack Kerouac, such as Kerouac&8217s alcoholism. Charters also discusses all of Kerouac&8217s works and how they are actually personal stories of Kerouac&8217s life.The changing culture of the 1950&8217s is what inspi red Kerouac to evolve into the creative genius that he became. In San Francisco, California, and Greenwich Village, New York, America&8217s culture was beginning to change during the 1950&8217s. Jazz, sex, and drugs were eminent throughout both of these cities. The bohemian culture, as well as, Eastern ism were also beginning to play a major role in people&8217s lives. People were beginning to open there minds to Eastern philosophy and trying to ignore the idealism of the unenlightened West. Other influences of Kerouac were such writers as Walt Whitman and Henry Miller.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Thoreau vs. Hawthorne :: comparison compare contrast essays

Thoreau vs. Hawthorne   Personal Lives enthalpy David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts on July 12, 1817 and died there peacefully on May 6, 1862. He was described by Hawthorne as ugly as sin. He loved nature, and his constant preoccupation was exploring the woods and ponds making luxuriant observations of plants and creatures. Henry led a singular life, never marrying, and marching to his own drummer, as he put it. From 1845 to 1847, he lived alone in a secondary cabin he built by Walden Pond near Concord. He described this unique experiment in natural living in Walden criticizing those who consider lives of quiet desperation with all the trappings of customary society. His personal independence and straightforward manner was harsh to some people, and he gained very little deferred payment during his lifetime.   Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to a family that had been prominent in the area since colonial tim es. Hawthorne was very handsome and never had problems with looks. When Nathaniel was four, his father died on a trip in Surinam. Hawthorne was extremely concerned with traditional values. From 1836 to 1844, the Boston-centered Transcendentalist movement, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, was an important force in New England intellectual circles. The Transcendentalists believed that human existence transcended the sensory realm, and jilted formalism in favor of individual responsibility. The Scarlet Letter shows some Transcendentalist influence, including a belief in individual choice and consequence, and an emphasis on symbolism.   Henry David Thoreau and Nathaniel Hawthorne are different and alike in many ways. Thoreau was a man that never married and believes each man should march to his own drum or go his own pace. Nathaniel Hawthorne on the other hand, was married very quickly. Thoreau was described as ugly as sin with a long nose and flub mouth. Hawthorne was h andsome on the outside, but depressed on the inside. Hawthorne was a Dark Romantic, while Thoreau was a Transcendentalist. Dominant Traits Henry David Thoreaus dominant trait was being a Transcendentalist. Transcendentalism is the belief asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the experimental and scientific and is knowable through instinct.

Romeo and Juliet: Friar Lawrence is to Blame :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

Youth and Age Should Friar Lawrence and the Nurse have been more careful virtually the way they encouraged Romeo and Juliets whap? To what extent does Shakespeare present them as being to blame?Throughout the play Romeo and Juliet were aided in their issue. It was according to Romeo and Juliet love at first sight and with the help of Juliets closest companion the nurse and Friar Lawrence it was made possible for the lovers to exchange vows and continue their relationship freighter the twos houses backs. The nurse plays a role in Juliets life when it did taste the wormwood on the nipple we find out that Juliets and the nurse have ad a close and long term fri lay offship with Juliet even feeding off her as a baby, this close relationship is important alter on in the play when the nurse betrays Juliets trust.The Nurse was a go between the two lovers so therefore was helping and encouraging the relationship. The nurse til now was very careful in her encouragement and made sure that it was as secretive as it could be I am the drudge, and toil in your catch here the nurse feels that she is doing right by being Juliets messenger but as we learnt at the beginning of the play in the prologue the lovers willing end in disaster. a pair of star crossed lovers take their lives this provides dramatic irony as we are aware that once they in love it will end in disaster.Friar Lawrence plays a very important role in the play between Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare has presented Friar Lawrence much to blame for the horrific closing curtain of their lives. Not only was Friar Lawrence the brains behind the plan of getting them together after his banishment he was also the man who agreed to the marriage in the first place. for doting, not loving, pupil mine Romeo holds a lot of respect for Friar Lawrence and he is a father figure towards him in the play. Friar Lawrences opinions therefore are considered by Romeo so therefore he should have been more careful in his decisions of marriage. Before agreeing to marry them both Lawrence had his suspicions that Romeo did not love Rosaline it was just lust, he therefore thought that this was the same case with Juliet. Shakespeare holds him to blame by allowing him to marry Juliet which causes all the problems and betrayal by easily believing that he loves Juliet.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Gun Control Laws Take Guns Away from Law-abiding Citizens Essay

weapon control is a very big issue in the United States today. Many slew dont agree with the weaponslinger control laws that they have today. natural gas control laws only take guns away from law-abiding citizens. Many people have their own reasons for owning a gun. Why would the brass want to make it harder for people to own a gun? People that own guns ar not very likely to be attacked by criminals. Owning a handgun is one of the best ways of protection. The second amendment states the right to bear arms does this grant everyone a right to own a gun? Gun control laws have not been proven to do anything for citizens. Gun control laws just make it harder for a good guy to own a gun. Gun control laws are not a good idea.Gun control only takes guns away from law- abiding citizens and it does nothing to stop criminals from buying illegal guns, who are unlikely to obey the law and register their guns (Long 45). In many cases the term gun control is improperly used. The definition of gun control is government edict of possession and use of firearms by private citizens (Zimring 23). The government is using it as way to take our right to bear arms.There are many reasons that people want to own a gun. One of the main reasons that people own a gun is protection. In a survey given about guns, self defense was the primary reason for owning a gun (Nisbet 114). Guns provide a great source of psychological reassurance even among citizens who are not especially interested about the fear of crime of being victimized (Long 53). The right of self-defense and the right to use firearms for defense of self and family are the cornerstone of individual rights enumerated in the U.S. constitution (Nisbet 89).Why does the government ... ...r when they own a gun. The second amendment clearly states the right to bear arms doesnt permit the government try to change that. Dont let gun control laws fool the public, because they have not been proven to reduce crim e at all. So go out and buy a gun before that right is taken away. Eventually guns might just be a thing of the past. So practice your right to protect your country and right to vote against gun control any time that you can.Work Cited PageLong, Robert. Gun Control. novel York H.W. Wilson co, 1989.Nisbet, Lee. The Gun Control Debate You Decide.New York Prometheus, 1990Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins. The Citizens Guide to Gun Control.New York Macmillan, 1987Zimring, Franklin E. Gun Control The World Book Encyclopedia. 1995 ed.Media WatchJune 1997 Gun Rights Forces Outgunned on T.V.23, April 1999

Gun Control Laws Take Guns Away from Law-abiding Citizens Essay

Gun control is a very big issue in the United States today. Many race dont agree with the gun control laws that they have today. Gun control laws only take guns away from law- persistent citizens. Many people have their own reasons for owning a gun. Why would the government want to make it harder for people to own a gun? People that own guns are not very likely to be attacked by criminals. Owning a handgun is one of the best ways of protection. The second amendment states the dear to bear implements of war does this grant everyone a right to own a gun? Gun control laws have not been proven to do anything for citizens. Gun control laws just make it harder for a good guy to own a gun. Gun control laws are not a good idea.Gun control only takes guns away from law- abiding citizens and it does nothing to stop criminals from buying illegal guns, who are unlikely to obey the law and register their guns (Long 45). In many cases the term gun control is improperly used. The def inition of gun control is government regulation of possession and use of firearms by private citizens (Zimring 23). The government is using it as way to take our right to bear arms.There are many reasons that people want to own a gun. One of the main reasons that people own a gun is protection. In a survey given about guns, self self-abnegation was the primary reason for owning a gun (Nisbet 114). Guns provide a great source of mental reassurance even among citizens who are not especially concerned about the fear of crime of being victimized (Long 53). The right of self-defense and the right to use firearms for defense of self and family are the cornerstone of individual rights enumerated in the U.S. constitution (Nisbet 89).Why does the government ... ...r when they own a gun. The second amendment clearly states the right to bear arms doesnt let the government try to change that. Dont let gun control laws fool the public, because they have not been proven to reduce crime at all. So go out and buy a gun before that right is taken away. Eventually guns might just be a thing of the past. So practice your right to protect your country and vote against gun control any time that you can.Work Cited PageLong, Robert. Gun program line.New York H.W. Wilson co, 1989.Nisbet, Lee. The Gun Control Debate You Decide.New York Prometheus, 1990Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins. The Citizens Guide to Gun Control.New York Macmillan, 1987Zimring, Franklin E. Gun Control The World Book Encyclopedia. 1995 ed.Media WatchJune 1997 Gun Rights Forces Outgunned on T.V.23, April 1999

Monday, May 27, 2019

Role of Technology in Sales Management

Technology is an absolute need we privynot escape from. Lets just say, it has a real big role in most aspects of our lives. In other words, it answers most of Mankind problems. Across centuries technology evolves. The importance of technology is aiming for comfort of use in whichever form it is. It always directs for easiness in life. Take the mobile technology for example. The faster the world is moving, the more hi-end the features atomic number 18 offered. Laptop gets thinner and smaller. It becomes more pack every year and offers more capabilities and top performance.One of the biggest challenges currently facing sales management is how to effectively and affordably train a large and/or geographically dispersed sales force. 24-hour access. Through the Internet which is available 24/7. Management can make sales of new product, services or product updates. Customers can access the web from their offices, homes or remote Internet locations at their convenience, at a time that best fits their schedules and maximizes comfort, reduces stress, and most importantly, allows them to purchase something even after lineage hours. Easy management of geographically dispersed teams. Managing a geographically dispersed team is always a problem, with training being one of the more satisfying struggles. By employing modern day technologies, however, sales management can increase sales performance while balancing the time required for productivity. Through database reportage system, they can view the progress of a sales team anywhere in the world. Instant new product information and current product updates. one time of the biggest headaches for companies is the lag time between finalizing a new product or service and getting their sales force up-to-speed and actively selling it. With modern technology in gross revenue, it is like a big aspirin tablet for this headache, and can eliminate it. When the new product or service is finalized, management can occasion a featur es/benefits using technology for their salespeople to complete. Depending on the complexity of the offering, salespeople could competently sell the product the next day. Instant results measurement. Sales persons can receive instant judging of their performance at any given time. They can review assigned areas and given tasks. This will help ensure understanding and retention of the information, making them more productive salespeople. For management, this instant feedback feature provides a method of tracking individual progress and a benchmark for individual and team success. Economical, low relative cost.Sales team can train online which produces a strong economic savings, too. Oftentimes, airfare, hotel stays and per diem costs equal, if not surpass, the investment in actual training. With online training, these costs are eliminated. And if you are large corporation, the cost involved in simply producing printed material and sending it to the sales force can be tremendous. What s more, salespeople can remain productive in the field, serving their customers without being pulled away for training.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Traffic: Road and Public Transport

?Traffic congestion in many cities around the human being is severe. One possible solution to this problem is to impose heavy revenue enhancementes on car drivers and use this money to make public transport better. This essay exit discuss the benefits and drawbacks of such a measure. One of the first benefits of such a measure is that the heavy taxes would discourage car owners from using their cars because it would become very costly to drive. This would mean that they would begin to make use of public transport instead, thus reducing traffic problems and pollution as well.A nonher benefit would be that much more than use would be made of public transport if it was improved. It is often the case that public transport in cities is very poor. For example, we often see old buses and trains that concourse would rather not use. High taxes would generate enough money to make the necessary changes. Nevertheless, there are drawbacks to such a solution. First and foremost, this would b e a heavy burden on the car drivers.At present, taxes are already steep for a lot of people, and so further taxes would only mean less money at the end of the month for most people who may have no choice but to drive every day. In addition, this type of tax would likely be set at a fixed amount. This would mean that it would hit those with less money harder, whilst the rich could likely afford it. It is therefore not a fair tax. To conclude, this solution is worth considering to improve the current situation, but there are advantages and disadvantages of introducing such a policy.In modern life we have to vitrine with many problems one of which is traffic congestion becoming more serious day after day. It is said that the high volume of vehicles, the inadequate infrastructure and the ludicrous distribution of the develpoment are main reasons for increasing traffic jam The major cause leading to traffic congestion is the high number of vehicle which was caused by the population an d the development of economy. To solve this problem, the government should encourage people to use public transport or vehicles with small size such as bicycles or make tax on private vehicles.Particularly, in some Asia countries such as Viet Nam, the local authorities passed law restricting to the number of vehicles for each family. The methods mentioned in a higher place is indeed effective in fact. That the inadequate infrastructure cannot handle the issue of traffic is also an crucial reason. The public transport such as bus, tubing or train is not available and its quality is very bad, especially in the developing countries. Besides, the highway and road network is incapable of meeting the need of increasing number of vehicle.Coping with these difficulties, the government should make an investment in the traffic facilties, namely, the publc transport need improving to become more modern and convenient. In addition, it is serviceable to build overpasses and more lanes in the streets. Apparently, the irrational distribution and the lack of conscience make the traffic worse and worse. The head offices, the univeristies or hospitals often locate in the centre of city attracting a heavy flow of people in rush hour.To handle this situation, the government should allocate suitably , for instance some unviersity or office will be moved to the outskirt of city. It is necessary to encourage poeple obey the traffic rules which will make greatly change the problem of traffic. Finally, its high time we were aware of the disadvatages as well as the solutions to the traffic congestion. With great effort from each individualist and government, our society will be definitely pristine and well i organized

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Consumer Buying Behavior Essay

Abstract Consumer is king the statement carries profound truth in it. Today the success of any firm depends upon the satisfaction of consumers. For satisfying the consumers the firm should accredit about the behavior of the consumers. In these circumstances understanding consumer is a very difficult task because of the changing technology, innovation, and changes in life style. Researchers conducted many search in this atomic number 18a, and they given only few suggestion, but there is no final conclusion. As per the ideas given by the lookers, there are two factors influencing the consumers such as intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is difficult to classify consumers by conventional demographic factors and unless(prenominal) their thought process and purchaseing behavior are fully understood, stopping points on crop designs and packaging, posting and distribution channels are homogeneously to be misplaced. With the inevitability of change looming large all over the horiz on, Indian companies must learn from their western counterparts not only to identify the sources, timing and direction of the changes likely to affect India, but also the new competencies and perspective that will enable them to respond to these changes, comprehensively and effectively. way morethe consumer buying process begins when essayThis study mainly focus on understanding the external factors like demographic, social, cultural ,price, quality ,product attributes etc for buying toothpaste. The food grocery share of any product is highly determined by the purchasing behavior of the consumers. Fol brokening study is conducted by the researcher to find out the behavior of the consumers, to analyze the preference of consumers, & consumer awareness. Descriptive research design was adopted and the data is collected through primary and secondary sources. The method adopted for conducting survey is questionnaire truthful random sampling technique was adopted for selecting the consu mers. Key words Consumer behavior, Toothpaste buying pattern, Toothpaste awareness, Promotion impact, Attribute impact. 1. Introduction Consumer behavior is stated as the behavior that consumer reveal in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products, services and ideas that they expect will satisfy their needs.The study of consumer behavior is concerned not only with what consumers buy, but also with why they buy it, when and how they buy it, and how often they buy it. It is concerned with learning the specific meanings that products hold for consumers. Consumer research takes places at every phase of consumption process, before the purchase, during the purchase and afterward the purchase. According to Philip Kotler defined consumer behavior as all psychological, social and physical behavior of potential customers as they become aware of evaluate, purchase, consume and tell otherwise about products and services. The scope of consumer behavior includes no t only the actual vendee and his act of buying but also various roles played by different individuals and the influence they exert on the final purchase termination .Individual consumer behavior is influenced by economic, social, cultural, psychological, and personal factors. 1.1 Consumer purchase decision A decision is the selection of an action from two or more alternative choices. Consumer decision to purchase the goods from the operational alternative choice is known as consumer purchase decision. The various options of the consumer may be classified into five main types of decisions. They are what to buy, how practically to buy, where to buy, when to buy, how to buy. The participants in the buying decisions may be classified as the initiator, influencer, decider, buyer and users. The marketing people should initiate the participants in the purchase decision to make the purchases of the product at different marketing strategies. There are number of reasons why the study of c onsumer behavior developed as separate discipline. Marketers had long noted that consumer did not always act or react, as marketing theory would suggest.The size of the consumer market in the country was vast and constantly expanding millions of dollars were being spent on goods and services by millions of people. Consumer preferences were changing and becoming highly diversified. 1.2 Indian ad-lib Care Industry Many people in India still clean their teeth with traditional products like Neem twigs, salt, ash, tobacco or other herbal tea ingredients. Average all India per capita consumption of toothpaste is a dismal 82gms.The dentist to population ratio is a critically low 135000 in the country. This results in low oral hygiene consciousness and widespread dental diseases. Less than 15% of the Indian toothpaste users brush twice a day. Colgate and Hindustan Lever together account for over 85% of the organized toothpaste market. Red and Black toothpowder still accounts for 35% of th e toothpowder market. In toothpowders, Colgate and Dabur are the leading players sharing between them 75% of the market2. Review of literature 2.1 Consumer behavior Consumer behavior has been always of great interest to marketers. The knowledge of consumer behavior helps the marketer to understand how consumers think, feel and select from alternatives like products, brands and the like and how the consumers are influenced by their environment, the reference groups, family, and salespersons and so on. A consumers buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. Most of these factors are uncontrollable and beyond the hands of marketers but they expect to be considered while trying to understand the complex behavior of the consumers. In this study, the researcher emphasizes the importance of lifestyle and its impact on the buyer behavior.2.2 Consumer Personality Factors There are two factors mainly influencing the consumers for decision making Ris k aversion and innovativeness. Risk aversion is a measure of how much consumers need to be certain and sure of what they are purchasing (Donthu and Gilliland, 1996).Highly risk adverse consumers need to be very certain about what they are buying. Whereas less risk adverse consumers can tolerate some risk and uncertainty in their purchases. The second variable, innovativeness, is a global measure which captures the degree to which consumers are free to take chances and experiment with new ways of doing things (Donthu and Gilliand, 1996).The shopping motivation literature is abound with various measures of individual characteristics (e.g., innovative, venturesome, cosmopolitan, variety seeking), therefore, innovativeness and risk aversion were included in this study to capture several of these traits. Measures by Donthu and Gilliland (1996) were used to measure innovativeness and risk aversion.2.3 Perception Perception is a mental process, whereby an individual selects data or entro py from the environment, organizes it and then draws significance or meaning from it. 2.4 Perceived fit Perceived fit is an attitudinal measure of how appropriate a certain channel of distribution is for a specific product .Morrison and Roberts (1998) found that consumers perception of the fit between a service/product and a channel is very influential in determining whether they will consider using that channel for a specific service. In fact, perceived fit was found to be more important than consumers preferences for the distribution method or service.2.5 Product Class knowledge Product class knowledge is a measure of consumers perceptions of how much they know about a specific class of products (eg.,cars)This type of measure is consistent with what Brucks(1985) called subjective knowledge, that is, consumers self-perceptions of knowledge levels. This is often contrasted with objective knowledge, which is what consumers actually know. Park and Lessing (1981) proposed that subjecti ve knowledge provides a die understanding of consumers decision making processes because consumers level of confidence in their search and decision making behavior, independent of their objective knowledge. 2.6 Product type Past research indicates that consumers purchase and channel decisions might be influenced by the type of product being investigated (Cox and Rich 1964Lumpkin and Hawes 1985Morrison and Roberts 1998Papadopoulos 1980Prasad 1975Sheth 1983 Thompson 1971).In particular ,these authors state that certain products might be more appropriate for one channel or another, which ultimately influences consumers channel preference and choice. 2.7 Quality It is our aim to provide the best product for the consumer and we believe that if the products have quality the consumer will pay the price, says Amal pramanic, regional business director .Oral-B 2.8 Packaging Packaging establishes a direct link with the consumers at the point of purchase as it can very well change the percepti ons they have for a particular brand. A product has to draw the attention of the consumers through an outstanding packaging design. foregoing packaging was considered only a container to put a product in, but today, research in to the right packaging is beginning at the product victimisation stage itself.Packaging innovation has been at the heart of Daburs attempt to rap with the urban consumers. It spends large sums annually on packaging research.-We have been position emphasis on aesthetics, shelf appeal and convenience for consumer says Deepak Manchandra, manager packaging development 2.9 Promotion The greatest challenge faced by companies today is holding and increasing their market share and value. This is always a strenuous exercise and one of the tools for the same is marketing. There is no specific game rule available for using these marketing tools .The reason is each promotional tool has its own characteristics. 2.10 Familiarity with a channel Consumers familiarity wit h a channel is a measure of the widely distributed experience they have with purchasing products through specific channels (i.e.. catalog, internet, and bricks-and-mortar retailer).Through frequent use consumers should become accustomed to using the channel, which reduces their apprehension and anxiety in purchasing products through the channel. 2.11 Brand Awareness According to Rossiter and Prey (1987), brand awareness precedes all other steps in the buying process. A brand attitude cannot be performed, unless a consumer is aware of the brand. In memory theory, brand awareness is positioned as a vital first step in twist the bundle of associations which are attached to the brand in memory (Stokes, 1985). 2.12 Family influence A family exerts a complex influence on the behaviors of its members.Prior family influence research has focused on intergenerational rather than intergenerational influence in consumer generationalisation. As has been compellingly demonstrated, parents influ ence children (Moore, Wilkie, and Lutz2002 Moschis 1987).Yet, consumption domains clearly exist where sibling efforts may also be exerted 2.13 shop motives Shopping motives are defined as consumers wants and needs as they relate to outlets at which to shop. Two groups of motives, functional and nonfunctional, have been proposed by Sheth (1983). Functional motives are associated with time, place, and possession needs and refer to rational aspects of channel choice. Whereas nonfunctional motives relate to social and emotional reasons for patronage. The functional motives included convenience, price comparison, merchandise assortment. The nonfunctional motives implicate recreation.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Budgeting in Cooperatives

BUDGETING IN CO OPERATIVES A budget is a statement about the allocation of money (income and expenditure) according to a set of priorities or a plan over a period of time. The advantages of having a budget and budgeting system are as follows It ensures the plans and ultimately the objectives of the co-operative are complete It provides a delegacy to control expenditure and ensure corrective measures are in place if over-expenditure has occurred or is happening It assists in communicating financial nurture to all in the co-operative everyone will know how money coming in will be spent It assists with plan implementation It helps to measure performance of the co-operative It is excessively a motivational tool because it gives solicitude. If a co-operative does not budget the following disadvantages will occur in that respect will be no sense of direction Overspending will happen and financial control will breakdown Decisions will be made in an ad hoc or unplanned way The re will be unrealiable financial information. There are two main ways of budgeting (1) Incremental incremental budgeting works with last years figures.It means adjusting to some degree the budget to fit the current year. This is a very problematic way to budget. It assumes the objectives or priorities for the co-operative are the same every year. It might up to now repeat some of the problems of last years budget. (2) Zero Based zero-based budgeting is based on analyzing the costs afresh for the year. It allows the budget to be aligned to sunrise(prenominal) objectives for the coming period. All expenditures have to be justified and in line with the objectives of the co-operative.There are many things that should and should not be done when drawing up a budget. The Dos Be hard nosed and realistic Take last years budget expenditure and the actual results into account tax where there were variances Know what the fixed and variable costs of the co-operative are Develop budget h eadings that fit in with the operations of the co-operative as a whole lay in information thoroughly Decide to go for incremental or zero-based budgeting. The Donts Neglect to involve members and other stakeholders Leave too little time to complot the budget Make over-optimistic assumptions about income, in particular. The drawing up of a budget should take at least a full month of research, democratic input and drafting. It should come after the come along has had an opportunity to plan for the forthcoming year. How should a budget be drawn up? Step 1 invest the key plans and objectives/priorities for the co-operative. Step 2 Cost these objectives or priorities using last years budget and the actual results.Know what is coming in and out by breaking costs under different headings such as wages, rent, telephone, etc. Think through the fixed and variable costs such as imperishable staff costs and the cost of raw material. Ask important questions about the income and outgoin gs. Are there likely to be any changes? Step 3 ground in budget control parameters such as monthly or weekly tracking income and expenditure against the budget. The C E O should give reports to the get along on changes or variances and recommend corrective action.Step 4 A draft budget must be presented to the all worker-owners for input. It must then be tabled at the board and General Body for approval. Step 5 Once AGMs approval is given, the budget must be communicated to everyone in the co-operative and must be freely available. Step 6 Consistent and ongoing monitoring by the C E O and the finance subcommitteemust occur. Regular reports must be given to the board and where there are variances between income or expenditure and budgets, this must be reported to the board and corrective action put into place.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Integrated Accounting Final Report Essay

In order to c be in the set up of Riordan Manufacturings tax cycle, whatever changes are inevitable. Riordan Manufacturing is going to incorporate the forms suppuration invigoration cycle to their system. Along with this, more or less detail on how participants in the accounting function will assist in the development of the system will be mentioned as well. There will be information on how the changes corroborate impacted the airfields of mea real and turn back that tie to operational performance.Riordan Manufacturing sells plastic bottles, fans, heart valves, medical stints and custom plastic parts. The participations clientle include automotive parts manufacturers, The surgical incision of Defense and appliance manufacturers. This paper will outline how to integrate the cycle into an enterprise-wide accounting information system, the hardware needed and show how the accounting system flows with Riordan Manufacturing.Riordan Manufacturing is owned by Riordan with annu al revenue in excess of one billion dollars. Riordan uses the income statement to show investors what the income is, and how management is controlling expenses.Riordan Manufacturing does not have an incorporated accounting system at this time. All locations have separate systems and the information is sent to headquarters. The company admits that the current accounting system fails in many areas and unavoidably to be replaced.In regard to cost of goods, the company has a common set of procedures for inventory management. Each execute is explained thoroughly to insure everyone involved under ties. A common set of procedures is necessary to guarantee that all cost of goods is reported properly.A main weakness for Riordan is many portions of the accounting border are tranquil manual where electronic devices could be used. Another weakness is one throughout the entire company. The locations are not interconnected and headquarters rely on precise locations to send in the proper info rmation and they combine the entropy into one system.Riordan Manufacturing currently provides its F and A data from the different locations by a data file. some(prenominal) of the files is reported by hard copy and has to be converted to the proper account codes. All these reports are then combined into one financial report. The company needs to come up with one global accounting system.The SAP packet is one of the highest recommended global accounting package that is used and has the strongest international features call SAP. It provides multiple currency support. From a ratio sheet perspective, accounting for fluctuations in exchange rates has become easier. This software is too in shape with FASB 52 (Collins, J., 1999-2003).There will need to be global implementation of the software from our I/T department, and training done on the accounting software however, this will save time in compiling reports and the reports will be more accurate.Many different types of informati on systems exist that will be needed in order to integrate supply and demand into the enterprise wide accounting information system. The first system would be Management Information brass (MIS) which would collect information for monitoring the performance and maintaining coordination between purchasing and accounts payable (Introduction of Information Systems, n.d.) Another information system that would be beneficial to Riordan would be the office staff Automation System (OAS).The OAS would be beneficial to Riordan because this system is useful for general office work when handling and managing documents. OAS also assists in improving communication at bottom the workplace. Finally, transaction processing systems (TPS) are also an excellent system to have within a company. TPS records daily routine transactions such as gross revenue orders from customers, or bank deposits and withdrawals (Introduction of Information Systems, n.d.). Most organizations have these three types of inf ormation systems in place, even though others that could be used.A way to make the revenue cycle run smoothly is by integrating hardware and software to assist in the setup of the various systems. This section of the paper will talk about what hardware and software is needed, and will go on toidentify who accesses this information.In order to integrate cost of goods into the accounting process Riordan Manufacturing will need a system that works for all locations. This would require software that is compatible for all locations. This would also make it possible to share reports such as the income statement and balance sheet.There should only a select few that should have access to the information in the database. These people would include the database designer, the persons installing the hardware or software and database management. This will keep the information contained in the database as secure as possible. This would be the first area of inborn controls. The second area deals with transactions and is cognize as an application control. Application controls are vital to ensure accuracy and legitimacy of the data. Two common input internal controls that would be unavoidable are feedback mechanism and edit tests. Processing data controls deals with the data after input. The first internal control needed is an audit trail. This control allows a person to trace the route the data has taken.The final step in application control is the output controls. One area of concern in this area is control of company forms. In the area of revenue specifically, cost of goods sold, the forms that should be managed are purchase orders and inventory control sheets.As a way to make the accounting process easier for all involved, Riordan Manufacturing must brainstorm on how to provide information through the corporate intranet or Internet. In order to decide on where to list information, some details on the meaning of the intranet and Internet are provided. The intranet is f or internal communications purposes. These computer networks use the same software as the Internet, but are internal to the organization that created them (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 7). A good way to use the intranet would be to have all locations connected.This would allow all information to be accessible to each location. At the same time, it saves time trying to get information forwarded to corporate. The Internet is a collection of local and wide area networks that are now connected together via the Internet backbone that is, the main electronic connections of the system (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 5). The internet is a good place to provide customers with information on the history of Riordan Manufacturing. Another area of interest is listing some information on the products that are being sold.Integrating a modernistic accounting system into the company will greatly improve internal controls for Riordan Manufacturing. With hardware and software implemented, the company will have more con sistent and accurate financial reports. Riordan Manufacturing will always know where they stand financially if the mod system is implemented.The goal is to change the current process for maintaining, recording, and billing of inventory as related to cost of goods sold (COGS). An entire new accounting information system is not requi target only additional software program in this one area. falls is the oldest form of systems development life cycle (SDLC) and is the one that is used for this project. The waterfall SDLC includes multiple steps in the life of a project. The steps include project planning with feasibility study, systems depth psychology that defines the projects goals, system design, implementation, integration and testing, acceptance, installation and deployment and finally maintenance of the accepted system (Kay 2002).The system is already proposed so the first two steps of the waterfall SDLC have already occurred in some form. The SDLC will be used as check list to ensure all the proper processes are completed when implementing the new system. The steps in the waterfall SDLC should be followed with the creation of a system design as the next step. one time the system design is created with all the required features including operational details the next step can be started. This step is the implementation of the system design into the current accounting system.Once the code is create verbally for this step integration and testing will be required to ensure that the new work is compatible with the old system. In this step the company should also test the hardware involved so when the system is live all is in order. Finally the last step is installation and deployment if the new design has beenaccepted. Once the new system and hardware are in place the company can begin replacing the old processes. Maintenance is included in the Waterfall SDLC but as a company maintenance is automatic to ensure good life of the companys assets.The participants to contribute to the system design of the systems development life cycle would be the database designers. This enables the system to have the needed logical and physical design to have an operational database. In order to make this process successful, one must determine the data to be stored, and determine the relationships of the different data fields. Review the way the old system is set up and throw if improvement is needed to make the new system better.The implementation stage would probably involve database management. It means that testing has been done and implementing the system is the next step. Some comparisons have been made with the old and new systems and things are being documented where possible issues may occur later.With the installation and deployment step, the departments involved would be IT and accounting. This step occurs because the system has been approved to go live. IT is assigned to installing the system. It would involve installing the software applicat ions as well.The accounting departments job would be to make sure after IT installs everything to test their processes now that the system is up and running. This would involve doing actual work and reviewing the results of the work. Make comparisons to how the results of the processes of the old system worked versus the new system. Accounting would be required to review the software applications as well. Again, testing would be needed to see if the applications are running smoothly.The improvements for Riordan if they implement a new accounting system are vast. Some of those include less clerical errors, more efficient for keeping track of inventory, faster because after initial set up everything goes quicker, better trailing of access to information and no papers to losebecause all the work is done electronically.ReferencesBagranoff, N. A., Simkin, M. G., and Strand, C. (2008). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems (10th ed.). Electronic Version. New York Wiley. Retrieve d July 10, 2008 from University of Phoenix, ACC/340, rEsource Web site https//mycampus.phoenix.edu/login.aspBagranoff, N. A. (2008). Accounting on the Internet. University of Phoenix CustomEdition e-text.John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from University ofPhoenix, ACC340 Web site.Collins, J. CPA (1999-2003). Accounting Software Advisor Foreign Currency. Retrieved July 6, 2008 from http//www.accountingsoftwarenews.com/charts/currency.htmlIntroduction to Information Systems (n.d.). Types of Information Systems. Chapter 2.Retrieved July 5, 2008 from http//www.ii/metu.edu.tr/ion501/demo/index.htmlKay, Russell (2002). Quickstudy System Development spirit Cycle. ComputerWorld. May 14, 2002. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from the World Wide Web at http//www.computerworld.com/developmenttopics/development/story/0,10801,71151,00.htm

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Reviewing my Christian service charity activity Essay

1) Identify the details on your Christian profit Where? When? How? For whom?My Christian service was at the Markham Food Bank close-fitting Main Street, Unionville. I volunteered during May 21st, where I was one of the only few people who got up in the early dayspring in order to bow the initiative to serve the community as well as Christ. By packaging and organizing fodder for the paltry, we were serving the less fortunate people of Markham, who visit the food bank as a means of obtaining food.2) Some of the Ontario Catholic School Graduate Expectations that I examined in my grade ten year were Recognizing there is more grace in our world than sin and that hope is essential in facing all challenges Thinking reflectively and creatively to evaluate situations and solve problems consideration appropriate goals and priorities in school, work and personal life Thinking critically about the meaning and purpose of workOne specific expectation that cogitate directly with my service work this semester was relating to family members in a loving, compassionate and respectful manner. I gave the same type of effort and care into the poor people who indispensable my help, essentially making them a part of my extended family. I tried demonstrating compassion and love towards them through my hard put effort in organizing, packaging, and form an assortment of different food for them.I also contri thoed to the greenness good by helping these poor people. In modern society, most people would outflank on the less fortunate people of our communities without offering any aid. These types of inconsiderate people are not supporting the common good of our world. By ignoring and dishonouring divinity fudges precious creations, we are directly going against God himself. Thereby, my actions in helping these poor people are an act to expand and establish common good in our community.THINKING3) The Golden Rule, Do unto others as you would bear them do unto you is a theme tha t is demonstrated in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. In two paragraphs, function the following questions as they pertain to the Christian Service work that you have completed during this semester. Analyse how your Christian servicea) Promotes human dignityMy Christian service promotes human dignity because I am restoring pride and hope in the hearts and minds of the poor by helping them carry out a normal, customary life. The less fortunate suffer everyday due to their lack of money, homes, and as well as human essentials. They are sometimes abused verbally and physically by those that mean they are superior than them, which causes them to lose their righteous human dignity. By providing these people would proper food and water, I restore a pocket-size portion of their dignity as a human being. They should not feel low or bad to have to come to us for help, because that is what we do for separately other. In this essence, I am able to help promote human dignity through my services at the Markham Food Bank.b) Challenges any personal apparitional and/or social biases.Often people in society do not associate with other people or help them out because they think that they are not on the same social status as the other. These social biases are particularly true with homeless people who seem to be suffering more and more simply due to their social status. These judgemental remarks make it even more difficult for these poor people to obtain food and clear jobs. Therefore, through my Christian service, I am challenging the boundary of any social biases by offering free food packaged and boxed for the poor and suffering in our communities.APPLICATION4) In a paragraph, demonstrate how your Christian service fulfills some aspect(s) of the Corporal works of Mercy.My Christian service perfectly fulfills the first gear Corporal Works of Mercy that is to feed the hungry. By going to the food bank, and packaging/organizing a variety of f ood in boxes for the poor people, I am helping to feed the hungry people of our society. All these less fortunate people wait in line everyday in order to be fed, and I was just fortunate enough to have the opportunity to be able to help serve the poor by providing their food. Therefore, my Christian service successfully fulfills this aspect of the Corporal Works of Mercy.5) In a paragraph, evaluate the effect your Christian service has had on your moral and your faith development.This Christian service has so had a significant impact on my moral and faith development this semester. By experiencing the difficulty of getting up so early in the morning and going through traffic in order to arrive to the food bank, I realized the level of dedication and love these people must have to come out there every day to help less fortunate civilians. Furthermore, I learned that I should never look down on someone simply because they are not as blessed us, rather I should be more compassionate and understanding of these people. Not only that, but the simple fact that there is such an organization out there, such as the Markham Food Bank, that serves free boxes of food for the poor and less fortunate, makes me truly swear that God exists and he only wants good in our world.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Place name disambiguation pages Essay

Have you ever heard the saying, Dont settle a book by its cover and wondered what it meant? Sandra Cisneros, author of the short story, Salvador Late or Early, creates a frame of mind and brings fourth a tragic and sympathetic feeling within the reader towards Salvador who is a freshish boy with more weight on his shoulder than either aver maturate kid his surface should have to b be. Cisneros uses imagery, diction, and characterizes Salvador as solitary, troubled, and as unnoticed child. Who takes on more responsibilities as a young boy than most would imagine at a glance, that any kid would have to endure.Author Sandra Cisneros uses simplistic tone to create a sympathetic frame of mind within the reader by using an place of imagery to grab the readers attention. Cisneros describes Salvadors responsibilities, the way he looks, and where Salvador lives leaving the reader tender in thought toward Salvador. Inside that forty-pound body of boy with its geography of scars, its na rrative of hurt, limbs stuffed with feathers and rags(Cisneros) illustrate a weak, flimsy young boy with no sense of hope or direction.Cisneros then goes on to state, In that vague direction where homes are the color of bad weather, painting a dark cloud over the home of Salvador inside the readers mind. Cisneros never gives the reader a specific age for Salvador except we can tell from the diction being used along with the specific details given to us by the author that Salvador is a young boy given an incredible amount of responsibility.The reader can also assume that Salvador has a head of the house type role. Also the reader flat picks up on how poor Salvador and his family are when Cisneros writes, combs their hair with water, feeds them milk and cornflakes from a tin cup in the dim dark of the morning. This all being through by the young Salvador and by this passage the reader picks up on a depressing feeling that leaves the audience fascinated and worried at the problems t his young boy is in.Cisneros labels the main character with great detail that he has a past shrouded in problem and puzzlement which in turn, leaves the reader mind with the point of what could have happened to this boy that left him with such with such a burden to carry. Salvador whose name the teacher cannot remember, is a boy who is no ones friend, (Cisneros) this statement describes Salvador as a loner and not very out spoken considering his own teacher cant remember his name.In conclusion Sandra Cisneros creates a very graphic visualisation of the characteristics that help the reader build an image and a diverse amount of feelings towards the character Salvador. Leaving the reader questioning the past of the young boy, which seems to eat away(predicate) at his inner emotions and will continue to do so until there is nothing left but a empty shell of pain, and agony. Burdened at a young age with the role as the head of the household young, shy, Salvador is faced each day with obstacles not many his age must overcome. alter with a past full of secrecy, Salvador pushes forward each day braving this storm not only for himself, but for his younger siblings and a Mama, who seems to be on her own also. Described as his limbs stuffed with feathers and rags, (Cisneros) a valid argument can be made that Salvador holds more than just pain, and agony within. One can palisade that any young boy who has to burden the trouble and responsibilities that Salvador carries on his shoulders each day represents, the brave and determined will to go on not for himself but for the other he loves and that quality in anyone no matter size, or age makes them an amazing person.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Intro of duality in dr

The upper class and the middle classes were very concerned about morality, money and appearance, since they wanted to keep a luxuriously respect among their friends, and declassify themselves from the lower level of society. This meant that every respectable person belonging to these accessible classes had to conform to social standards and to the ideas of virtues, ethics, charity and respectability. So they built another personality, behind which they hld their rightful(a) characters, keeping their instincts and real preferences secret.Women were considered innocent and dainty creatures that had to spend their lives at home and depended on the men M members of the upper classes used to hide the feature that they indulged in forbidden activities and desires, such as prostitution, opium, drinking and gambling, but at the same time they supported this moralisation trend this brought to an atmosphere of hypocrisy which is quite difficult to make out the border between the true an d falsity, real intentions and hidden opinions.The author of The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Is Robert Louis Stevenson. He was extremely Interested in the constitution of duality. Stevenson was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel create verballyr. He was born on November 13th 1850 and died on declination 3rd 1894. To understand fully where Stevenson was brought up, its necessary to understand that there are two parts of Edinburgh, on one side there is New Town, which is posh, respectable, religious and polite.On the other side of Edinburgh, Its more to the dark and lald- ack name and the society is classed very low. These two aspects contrast each other and make a deep postage stamp of his fascination of duality in the human nature. Stevenson suffered from nightmares and had numerous health problems. One of his childhood nightmares Inspired him to write about Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde this Is because he believes that there Is good and evil In every character . The theme of duality runs throughout the whole book and is revealed in several aspects.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

My Summer Vacation Essay

The dream summer holiday of any various(prenominal) merely comes one time in a life-time. In the summer of 2014 I had merely completed my first twelvemonth of college and my parents wanted to handle me some where Ill ever retrieve for my profound work. I had no undertone of what their purposes were or what to record anticipate from them. My parents had invited merely ab prohibited all of our stopping points relations and household friends to come along and determine the juncture with us. Majority of those that came brought gifts and money to promote me to make good. Of class this made me the most thrilled individual in the universe. because I non merely had household and friends over to observe but they besides spent the relentless over for the trip my parents had put together to take us on.The undermentioned forenoon my Father woke everyone up at 2oclock in the forenoon to acquire situated and hit the route for the airdrome by 3oclock. How change they had everything planne d out from the bathroom clip to the seating in the vehicles. But yet each and every clip I pampered the inquiry in their caputs as to where we were traveling they neer answered me. Anxious to cognize I was. so one began believing of all the possibilities of the topographic points theyd see traveling. I began to acquire tardy from how early I woke up and all the wonder running through my venas.After acquiring to the airdrome at 4oclock our flight eventually left at 645am and we arrived at our finish into Fort Lauderdale. Florida. We hoard our bags and was on our journey one time once more this clip it had felt as if we had been control everlastingly. I had woken up to shrieks and shouting from about everyone around me. yet I still had no hint as to what was traveling on. As my pa was seeking to happen a parking topographic point I started to look out the window in hunt of any hints that could assist me calculate out where precisely we were. Once we pasted the entryway my eyes blew up when I saw the words carnival Cruise Lines.After seeing all the commercials with all the celebrations that occur. all the celebrated people that appear in individual. the astonishing games and household activities. the theater and nutrient that was on board. this was so the topographic point I would bind the universe to travel to. When asked by my parents how I liked my gift. I became lost for words and could merely pull a face for how happy and filed with joy I was.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Managing Risk

Abstract This analysis is to submit a proposal that the CFO and I move work on together to evolve into a policy that assists each danger Management segment. In this proposal we provide develop a system to judge enterprise and pecuniary venture. However, Due to the fact that there are two models that are inconsistent we go out have to figure out ways to work together to get on the same foliate to reduce confusion and getting the job done. In this proposal I provide illustrate how to part the ERM Framework to address risk, will hash out how to support the Insurance Marketing Process.Also I will discuss how to evaluate Risk Bearing and Risk Sharing activities, and how to assist in implementing a Workers Compensation architectural plan that is fair and equitable. Developing a process to find compositional risks will assist wariness in find out what risks mess impact strategy and the achievement of giving medicational goals. Some of the same methodologies used to iden tify risks in conventional risk management programs can be deployed in an ERM program and include two formal and informal methods. (Youngberg, 2011).A successful enterprise risk management (ERM) initiative can affect the likelihood and consequences of risks materializing, as well as deliver benefits related to break off informed strategic decisions, successful spoken communication of change and increased operational efficiency. To use the ERM Framework to address risk, I will pursue the 5 locomote that presidential term uses to develop and implementing the ERM programs. Which is Identify and engage an executive-level champion, for any organization there should be mortal in charge to make decision about certain policies or project.This will reduce migration and everyone will be in the same page. Second is to select a steering committee and work labour force. The benefit of the steering committee is to develop a timeline for program development. The committee sports meetings quarterly to review and alike to approve project, receive status reports on be project and to review strategic plan for organization. (Youngberg, 2011). Third is to Review strategic plan for organization, which means organizations should be aware of the work strategic direction.You cant be a team leader without knowing whats your organization plan is. As stated in the course text the strategy plan should be reviewed with the steering committee and the on the job(p) task force to ensure that the goals and objective are clearly stated that ERM program support the existing plan, and that conflict do not arise (Youngberg, 2011). Fourth is to Identify and review current risk-identification tools. Which mean the working(a) task force should review all existence methods to identify risk.These methods may be internal or external to the organization and may be formal or informal. Last but not least, the organization should be compile and share resource lists and reference materials, and identify subject-matter experts. For example, the working task force will be responsible for compiling the reference materials in an online library for easy reference. (Youngberg, 2011). Also follow the surveys and risk interviewing method. To support the Insurance Marketing Process is to understand the steps and to have a better understanding of how the process works.What I would do is before beginning the marketing process with another organization I would find out what are the objectives and strategies for transferring risk to the commercial-insurance market place. We both should come together with an arrangement and be aware of the current risk-financing plan before the process. Also to identify and analyze potential insures. If I have to choose whose will be my potential insurer, this candidate should meet all of the organizations objectives. Its too my responsibility to collaborate with other potential organizations and which candidates will the best carrier to do business w ith.The steps that will be taking are Organizations should be reviewing exiting financial plan, identify potential markets, collecting information and lose information, reviewing loss forecast and prepare analytical summaries, create program options. Finalize submission, submit to market, meet the underwriters, obtain quotations and perform comparative analyses, negotiating place policies and monitoring results and relationship. (Youngberg, 2011). According to health affairs articles, equilibrise Risk Bearing and Risk Sharing is a system that is entirely risking bearing.The primary purpose of a cost-allocation system is to encourage participation in risk management programs, reduce overall costs and the oftenness and severity of losses, and share proportionately in the cost of the program. The easiest way to achieve this is by allocating the costs to the parties that yield them. A risk-sharing system allocates all medical liability costs in proportion to each departments exposu re. The proper allocation system for most organizations lies somewhere between these two extremes. (Youngberg, 2011).The number of risk-sharing arrangements between health plans and providers grew rapidly. More recently, however, there is evidence that plans and providers in some markets are losing interest in developing new or continuing existing risk-sharing arrangements. Several factors appear to be contributing to this change the financial instability of risk-bearing organizations consumer and provider backlash against managed care and an increasingly restrictive regulatory environment, which may extend to plan-provider assure arrangements. (Marsha R.Gold. 2003). Risk sharing is attractive on several fronts. For plans, it provides a mechanism for controlling costs for providers, it bear on their autonomy by shifting to them responsibilities for managing service use, costs, and prize. However, it also has a down side, particularly if the amount of risk transferred is large or payments are not commensurate with expected costs. (Kleffner, A. Drohetrty, N. 1996) Many provider organizations have small-scale experience managing risk and lack the necessary infrastructure to manage it effectively.If the degree of risk transferred to providers is more than they can absorb, their continued viability, as well as that of plans with whom they let, may be jeopardized. This in turns raises the likelihood that the level and quality of care available to enrollees could be negatively affected. (Marsha R. Gold. 2003). Base of what the most important factor to evaluate Risk Bearing and Risk Sharing activities is whomever created the risk should be encouraged to participate in risk management cost and activities.From my perspective, workers compensation can be defined as all of the rewards take in such as direct financial compensation consisting of pay received in the form of wages, salaries, bonuses and commissions provided at regular and consistent intervals. Indirect financial compensation including all financial rewards that are not include in direct compensation and can be understood to form part of the social contract between the employer and employee such as benefits, leaves, retirement plans, education, and employee services.Non-financial compensation referring to topics such as career development and progress opportunities, opportunities for recognition, as well as work environment and conditions by employees in return for their labor. In determining effective rewards, however, the uniqueness of each employee must also be considered. People have different take or reasons for working. The most appropriate compensation will meet these individual needs.To a large degree, equal to(predicate) or fair compensation is in the mind of the employee. A good compensation strategy includes a balance between internal equity and external competitiveness. Compensation and benefits affect the productivity and happiness of employees, as well as the abili ty of your organization to effectively realize its objectives. It is to your advantage to ensure that your employees are creatively compensated and knowledgeable of their benefits. (Gomez-Mejia, L. , & Wiseman, R. M. 1997). ConclusionDeveloping a process to identify organizational risks will assist management in determining what risks can impact strategy and the achievement of organizational goals. There several tools to follow when working as a team, the two most common method is used in ERM program are surveys and risk interviews. If were going to work as a team we have to open-minded and be responsible and thoughtful. Communication is the key to be successful in a organization. Also following the five dollar bill steps of developing and implement an ERM program can help an organization moves forward.

Friday, May 17, 2019

An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations Essay

Absolute monarchyIntroduction The sentiment in an understandable world, under a methodical Christian God, offered much of the motion for philosophical investigation. Beside that, phantasmal philosophical system paid attention on the significance of godliness, and the splendor and secrecy of Gods authorised temperament aside from that, thoughts such as Deism strained that the planet was accessible to the supremacy of humane reason, and that the laws which administer its activities were comprehensible. Outstanding illustrations which support demonstrate why s everal historians divide the Age of Reason from the rendering are the installation of John Locke and doubting doubting Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes, whose opinion are a termination of the age of reason, scientifically follows and classify human emotion, and conflict for the requires of an inflexible system to embrace back the confusion of nature in his attempt Leviathan. While John Locke is visibly a scholar descendant of Hobbes, for Locke the form of nature is the fundament of all unity and, rights and the states function is to guard, and non to seize back, the state of life. Galileo Galilei, was a university referee in Padua, Italy, who consumptiond a telescope, basically recently made, to observe the heavens. Telescope sustains the inspection that allowed Galileo to perceive things of his forerunner which had basically not been acknowledged around. The complexity of the universe that speedily became obvious was in direct distaste to medieval analysis. Galileo exposed the rings around Saturn, that there were mountains on the moon, moons orbiting Jupiter, and spots moving across the sun. In count for his case on astronomy, intelligent Galileo as swell made significant contributions in physics. He revealed that objects fall at an expected rate and formulated the mathematical method to illustrate their acceleration. Galileos effort was a significant step in the path of the fundamental principles of current physics that the entire nature matches to consistent laws that can be articulated mathematically. Equally, the combination of geometric philosophy which had conquered Western mathematics and philosophy ever since at least Eudoxus, and algebraic philosophy, attained from the Islamic world over the earlier deuce centuries impulsive mathematical and a scientific revolution. Sir Isaac Newtons most claims to fame came from a methodical use of algebra to geometry, and synthesizing a practicable calculus which was appropriate to scientific troubles. The Enlightenment was an occasion when the solar system was accurately discovered with the correct calculation of orbit, for example Uranus by William Herschel, Halleys Comet, discovery of the first planet ever since ancient times, and the computation of the mass of the Sun using Newtons theory of universal gravitation. The result that this sequence of discoveries had on equally practical commerce and philosophy was important. The eager ness of creating gear uply and a refreshing vision of the world, and the identity for a philosophy of science which may well include the new conception would demonstrate its fundamental persuade in both secular and ideas religious. If Newton may possibly station the cosmos with natural philosophy, therefore, lots of dispute, may perchance be political philosophy sort of the organic structure expedient. Francois Marie Arouet, was famous philosopher acknowledged universally as Voltaire. Francois was expelled from England in 1726 and 1729, and at hand he considered Locke, Newton, and the English Monarchy. Voltaires philosophy was that individuals who can make a psyche believe illogicality can make that person commit atrocities that if individuals believed in what is irrational they will do what is irrational. Like Newton, the philosophers highlighted the value of sensory understanding for gaining facts not simply about the substantial world, but about the social and political worlds as well. The philosophers were as well strong supporter in liberty, which prepared them adversary of such practices as slavery. Philosophers were also optimistic of the utmost(prenominal) possible independence in economic and political life. Mainly the famous book formed in this era was Adam metalworkers An Inquiry into the Causes and Nature of the Wealth of Nations, printed in 1776. Smith calls for as little regime intervention as feasible. Adam Smith reasoned that the country well existence is merely the collective of the well being of all the persons living in that state. Given that persons are do by self awareness and because they identify best what is in their self interest, administration must let the instrument of self attention operate to the advantage of the condition. Additional basic thoughts also were put frontward by the philosophers or their instantaneous precursor. John Lock put down the theory of understanding that was of huge significance in Enlightenmen t contemplation. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), Locke distinguishes the human brain at birth to an empty slate, a tabula rosa, on which thoughts are emblazoned through knowledge. The empiricism was a vital tone of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment strike on authoritarianism came from numerous quarters. In 1690 John Locke, a challenger of pack II and, Charles II wrote his well-known Two Treatises of Government partly to validate Englands overthrow of its king. Locke disputed that administration had a definite responsibility to those they administer when administration fail to perform their requirement (including the bulwark of life, property and liberty), the citizens are warranted in restoring the authorities with another that will guard the peoples freedom. other philosophers continued to challenge the philosophical basis of absolutist rule. For example The Baron de Montesquieu, in the book spirit up of the Laws (1748), argument was that there were a small number of absolutes when it came to structure of government. Relatively, an administration should act in retort to its surroundings. Montesquieu calls for the division of powers in the administration to permit for it to react to its environment. Jean Jacques Rousseau in the Social Contract (1762) upholds that compare and freedom were necessary for a just civilization. In order to endorse equality and freedom, people boast to place the regular good before individual own personal interests. This is why persons make standard once they systematize themselves into societies. Rosseaus model society was self regulating equality, in which every person subordinated his or her own significance to the broad will and in which the common will of the society really reveal the welfare of the populace who willingly comprised that population. Under the recent model of the rule of law, the supremacy of government is restricted by apparent and unmistakable lawful canons. Differently in 17th- and-18th-century monarchs hold on to absolutism or the rule of will the credence that they were monarch and their wills only were law. There were, though, reasonably conflicting rationales for absolutism. somewhat definitions of sovereignty were concerned with the nature of man. In his most famous and controversial work, Leviathon (1651), the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that it was the natural state of human beings to be at war with each other. Sovereignty, he reasoned, is located in the people but, out of self interest and the need for peace and security, they delegate it to the state (i.e. the monarch). The understanding amidst the people and the monarch, then, is a contract in concede for protection the people owe the monarch their occur loyalty. If they rebel, the monarch may punish them as he sees fit. Otherwise, Hobbes maintained, there could be no order, and humanity would return to its nasty, brutish, disorderly state of nature. The method of the cos mos was observed as proof of God consequently it was an prove of the authority of monarchy. Natural law started, not as an effect against religion, but as an alternative, as a notion God did not rule capriciously, but throughout the natural laws that he ratifies on earth. Thomas Hobbes, while an absolutist in regime, drew this dispute in Leviathan. A long time ago the notion of natural law was appeal to still, it seized on existence of its individuality. If natural law may perhaps be used to support the arrangement of the monarchy, it may well also be used to try the rights of focus of that monarch, that if present were natural laws, subsequently there were natural constitutional rights linked with them, just as there are privileges under man made regulation. French Absolutism influential as it was as grounds for absolutism, Hobbess philosophy did not essentially appeal to the monarch of his day. More striking to most was the presumption of absolutism that warranted the statute o f Louis XIV of France, the mainly dominant monarch of his period. It assumed, contrary to Hobbes, that sovereignty resided right away in the person of the monarch and that it was given by divine right. Responsible only to God, the monarchs word was law. Even the church was subject to royal authority (something that could only be justified afterward the Reformation, but the papacy still did not embrace this). In 1648, at the end of the Thirty old age War, the Holy Roman Empire was hardly an empire at all. It was really a confederation of about 300 independent kingdoms only loosely united under a member of the Austrian Habsburg family who held the rubric of emperor. The Habsburgs, however, had little real power what they did have came mainly through bargaining and compromise with local bishops and princes. Their catching lands included Bohemia, part of Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania, but even there they needed the cooperation of the local nobility in order to exercise power. T heir fondest goal was to create some kind of unified state that they could control. They were held back, however, not just by geography and local politics, but also by great diversity in languages and cultures a job that has persisted in the area to the present day (i.e. Slavics, Huns, Germans, Protestant, Orthodox, Catholic, etc).ReferencesBernstein, John Andrew. Shaftesbury, Rousseau, and Kant an introduction to the conflict between aesthetic and honorable values in modern thought. Rutherford N.J. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980. Print.Brue, Stanley L., and Randy R. Grant. The Evolution of Economic Thought. Mason Thomson Higher Education, 2007. Print.Hill, L.. The hidden theological system of Adam Smith. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought . 2001.Print.Rousseau, Jean, and Immanuel Kant. Rousseau on the origin of inequality.. pelf Great Books Foundation, 1955. Print.Smith, Adam, Edwin Cannan, and Max Lerner. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Canaan ed. New York The Modern library, 1937. Print.Smith,A., 1976, The Wealth of Nations redact by R.H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, . Print.Vianello, F. Social accounting in Adam Smith, in Mongiovi, G. and Petri F. (eds.), Value, Distribution and capital. Essays in honor of Pierangelo Garegnani, London, Routledge. 1999. Print..Source document

Thursday, May 16, 2019

Importance & Impact of Ethical Communication Essay

abstr dissembleion converse is constant, especially in the information age. Savvy master copys k at a time how to communicate quickly, effectively and honorablely. The term echt confabulation has contrasting meanings depending on the context. A shampoo advertiser and a sports team spokes several(prenominal) may book dissimilar views on what constitutes as straightforward communion. Some discourse guidelines be only applicable to certain situations, while new(prenominal)s could be understood as ethical in one situation and wrong in a nonher. Every aspect of ethical communication should be considered within the boundaries of the issue at hand. design The concern Dictionary defines ethical standards as follows Principles that when followed, promote set such(prenominal) as trust, good behavior, fairness, and/or kindness. There is non one consistent set of standards that all companies follow, tho each compevery has the accountability to develop the standards that atomic number 18 meaningful for their organization. honorable standards argon not al focusings easily enforceable, as they argon frequently vaguely defined and whatsoeverwhat open to run intoation (Men and women should be treated equally, or Treat the customer with respect and kindness. ). some others can be more than specific, such as Do not sh be the customers private information with anyone outside of the ships corporation. Ethical converse in Business Every backing is dependent on effective ethical communication. Its what fudges new policy in government, raises money for nonprofits and strengthens a concern. Business communication occurs any time a message is allown or welcomed, whether its verbal or nonverbal, among ii business enterprisees, a business and its employees or a business and the public.The messages sent and received by a business need to follow ethical norms that dont offend or make individuals feel uncomfortable. Significance Ethical business co mmunication holds great deduction on three main fronts business to business, business to employees and business to the public. An example of the set-back type is between a business and its suppliers or distri yetors. The second is organizational communication within the business itself, how the leadership communicates with the employees.Lastly, communication with the public is how the business develops its public image. Maintaining high ethical standards on each front is essential to success in business. Function Ethical business communications primary function is to send and receive messages in a neutral, non- ugly manner. Ethical effective communication skills in business strengthen its corporate culture, resulting in a more attractive bottom line. When communication does not adhere to ethical standards, the consequences can imply unhappy employees, a poor public image and a decrease in the bottom line.Ethical business communication is intended to c be for the emotional and pe rceptive necessarily of its employees and customers. Misconceptions A common misconception concerning ethical communication in business is that most unethical communication is obvious and overt. True unethical communication is based on perception. If a person or heap gathering perceive or interpret certain actions or words to be discriminatory or offensive, the communication can be considered unethical. The alike(p) is true with inter personalised interactions between employees.If a particular form of communication or gesture is offensive to another employee, it can be categorized as unethical. Purpose The purpose of ethical communication in business is to protect, respect and maintain a good public image. The communication in any business is for the purpose of maintaining order and the proper image with its employees and society. For example, if an accusation was to arise against a particular play along, the public dealings representative volition arrange a press conference to verbally address the issue at hand.The company may likewise change a policy pertaining to the issue that non-verbally communicates the same message. Consequences There are many consequences to unethical business communication. A business may have an outstanding(a) product or service, but if it doesnt communicate well with its customers, they impart not be satisfied, and this can weaken the business/customer relationship. Everything in business rises and falls on communication. When ethical communication is lacking, moral, corporate image and want leave lack as well.Each of these elements affects the spirit of the employees, which in turn will reflect to the customer and result in a decrease in revenue. Ethical behavior is a companywide concern, of course but beca part communication efforts are the public face of a company, they are subjected to particularly rigorous scrutiny from regulators, legislators, investors, consumer groups, environmental groups, labor organizations, a nd anyone else affected by business activities. Ethical communication allow ins all relevant information, is true in every sense, and is not deceptive in any appearance.In contrast, unethical communication can include falsehoods and misleading information (or can withhold important information). Some examples of unethical communication include plagiarisation Plagiarism is presenting psyche elses words or other creative product as your hold. subscriber line that plagiarism can also be illegal if it violates a copy just, which is a form of legal security measures for the expression of creative ideas. Selective misquoting Deliberately omitting damaging or unflattering comments to paint a mitigate (but untruthful) picture of you or your company.Misrepresenting numbers Increasing or decreasing numbers, exaggerating, altering statistics, or omitting numerical data. Distorting visuals making a product look bigger or changing the scale of graphs and charts to exaggerate or check di fferences. In contrast, an ethical message is accurate and sincere. It avoids language and images that manipulate, discriminate, or exaggerate. On the surface, such ethical practices bet fairly slowly to recognize, but deciding what is ethical can be a considerable altercate in complex business situations.Distinguishing Ethical Dilemmas from Ethical Lapses Every company has responsibilities to its stakeholders, and those various groups a good deal have competing interests. An ethical dilemma involves choosing among alternatives that arent shed light on-cut. Perhaps two conflicting alternatives are both(prenominal) ethical and valid, or perhaps the alternatives lie somewhere in the gray area between all the way right and clearly wrong. Suppose you are the chief executive of a company whose sales are declining and you might be forced to reduce costs by laying off 100 employees.Youve decided to wait two months before making this tough decision. Heres your dilemma Do you sound ou t the workforce now that several hundred jobs could disappear in the near future? Telling them now would give quite a little more time to look for new jobs and ad incisively their financesclearly a good thing. However, if you tell them now, vital employees nervous or so their future could jump ship, which could drive sales down even moreclearly not a good thing.And what if you tell them now and many the great unwashed leave but then sales improve enough in the next two months that you can avoid the layoffs? You will have unnecessarily disrupted many careers and families. Situations such as these often have no clear answer. In contrast, an ethical lapse is a clearly unethical (and frequently illegal) choice. In 2004, several insurance companies were accused of misleading military personnel at Fort Benning in Georgia, Camp Pendleton in California, and other bases around the country.Many of these young men and women thought they were signing up for savings syllabuss when in accomp animent they were buying extremely expensive and frequently unnecessary life insurance policies. The policies were often sold during mandatary financial training sessions for the soldiers, who were given no time to read the documents they signed. After the situation was brought to national fear by the New York Times and other news media, at least two of the companies involved, Madison study Life Insurance Company and American Amicable Life Insurance, began issuing full refunds.Ensuring Ethical Communication Ensuring ethical business communication requires three elements ethical individuals, ethical company leadership, and the appropriate policies and structures to support employees efforts to make ethical choices. 39 Moreover, these three elements need to work in harmony. If employees see company executives making unethical decisions and flouting company guidelines, they might conclude that the guidelines are meaningless and emulate their bosses unethical behavior.Employers have a responsibility to establish clear guidelines for ethical behavior, including business communication. In a recent global survey by the International tie-up of Business Communicators, 70 percent of communication professionals express their companies clearly define what is considered ethical and unethical behavior. On a somewhat less positive note, slightly fewer than half said their companies throw out open discussion of ethical issues and dilemmas. Many companies establish an explicit ethics policy by using a written code of ethics to help employees determine what is acceptable.A code is often part of a larger program of employee training and communication channels that allow employees to ask questions and announce instances of questionable ethics. For example, United Technologies, a large aerospace and defense company based in Hartford, Connecticut, offers employees, customers, and suppliers a hush-hush way to report suspected fraud and other ethical concerns. The muckle who s hare their concerns through the program then receive a written response that explains how the situation was resolved. 1 To ensure ongoing accord with their codes of ethics, many companies also conduct ethics audits to monitor ethical progress and to point out any weaknesses that need to be address. Principles of Ethical Communication The Business Dictionary defines ethical standards as Principles that when followed, promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness, and/or kindness. In order to establish good communication with multitude of other cultures, it is essential to understand their ethical framework. In rder to learn ethical intercultural communication, you must expect plurality of other cultures to think differently, be willing to learn culturally appropriate behavior and (at least to some extent) practice what their cultures consider ethical. Expect Differences Ethical principles are not the same across cultures. Rather, ethics are culturally informed. The right thing to do is not just instinctive in humans. Many aspects of what is good are taught (consciously and subconsciously) by a persons culture.So, if you want to establish ethical intercultural communication with people of another background, prepare yourself to see the world differently. Do not expect that what seems good to you will also seem good to them understand that they may view some things as bad that you view as fine or good. For example, while American culture teaches that individuality is a good thing and that standing on your own two feet is a position you should strive for, many other cultures value the group more than the individual.For example, in most African cultures, being part of a strong family support strategy is considered much more important and valuable than standing alone as an individual. Exemplify the Universal Although different cultures will have varying expectations and standards as to what is ethical, there are some ethical standards that are universal . So, by striving to abide by ethical standards that are universally received, you can take the first pervert in communicating and connecting well with people of another culture.According to William Howell in his ethics of Intercultural Communication, Two principles that are universal are that no action is ethical if it harms persons, and the action that do goods persons accumulates ethical quality. Act in such a way that you do not intentionally bring harm to anyone, and always keep others silk hat interests in mind. Learn their Culture To really communicate well interculturally, you must ask the question What makes a good person in your culture? Talk with people in the target culture to collect the traits of an ethical person. What attitudes and actions does a good person possess?Does a good person set apart his personal work to take care of his parents when they are elderly? Does a good person go through his anger at all times? Does a good person practice abstinence in c ertain areas? You will find, as you look into someone elses culture, that the things that make a good person in your culture are not the same things that comprise a good person in every culture. Empathize Through Action As you learn the ways of another culture, the best way to establish good intercultural communication is to act in a way that is considered ethical in that culture.Do and say the things that will express that you have the best interest of those around you in mind. Enjoy the nutrient people prepare for you. If there are certain respectful gestures associated with greeting people older or more prestigious than yourself (or everyone), use them. Learn at least enough of the language to greet people and ask how they are doing in their native tongue. Wear clothing that is culturally appropriate. Respect family organization and methods of doing tuition and business. On every level of life and society, share in the way people think and act as much as you are able to.This wi llingness to adopt the standards of another culture is the best way to establish ethical and intercultural communication. Goals of Ethical Business Communications The purpose of business is to make money. Behaving ethically serves that purpose. good deal prefer doing business with ethical companies, companies they can trust, so in the long run the ethical company benefits from its behavior. This agency that the goal of ethical business communication is to build the trust and credibility of the company.The International Association of Business Communicators maintains that companies that the practice of ethical business communication also increases a team feeling among employees and boosts employee morale. To action these goals, corporate communication must strive to attain certain specific ethical goals. Honesty It is to a companys benefit to be honest. Honesty is the basis of trust. If others feel that they can believe what a company says, they will trust it. Other pointors bei ng equal, people prefer doing business with a company they can trust.Honesty means saying what you believe to be true, but it also means distinguishing fact from opinion. It is easy to disguise opinion as fact. Some television news commentators do it every day, and their credibility suffers for it. They may be considered entertaining, but what they say is taken with a grain of salt. Consultant Michelle Howe advises any company that wants to be trusted to clearly label opinion as such, and to present what it has to say in an artless manner. Clarity Distinguishing fact from opinion is part of a larger goal of being clear and easy to understand.Ethical business communication calls for being clearly understood. It means that the company is not seen as attempting to alter or confuse the public and other companies with whom it does business. Timeliness of communication can also help. Within the company, acknowledging problems and belongings relevant people informed with clear and direc t communications helps dampen the rumor mill and maintains kick downstairs employee morale. Commitment In the context of business communications, commitment means allocating the necessary time and resources to discussing issues fully.Communication needs to be thorough, for only when time and resources, such as feedback forms, are dedicated to discussing issues is there a lay on the line for everyone in the organization to have their voice heard. Acknowledging Sources Few things create as much tension as when someone presents another persons ideas as his own. Employees want credit for their work, so failure to get laid them is not only unethical but also bad for morale. Some people believe that concerns about plagiarism are only important in academic ettings, but anytime someone is caught borrowing someone elses ideas without proper acknowledgment, trustworthiness takes a nosedive. Most people realize its important to use quotations when citing direct literary arguments from othe rs, but its also good practice and sound business to acknowledge ideas that are not your own. Openness to Other Views Openness is one of the key pillars of ethical communication. In communication, openness means being open to diverse ideas and opinions, as well as being ready to offer your own opinions even if you do not think they will be popular.A business environment where people are not free to play the devils advocate and say unpopular opinions is not an ethical one, because intolerance of divergent opinions means intolerance of differences and free flow of information is essential to both the publics and the organizations long-term well-being. Taking Care with confidential Information Confidential information is a special class of information that requires special attention. The North Carolina State University business segment emphasizes the importance of the ethical business practice of protecting confidential information while complying with public manifestation uprightn esss.Any use of confidential information for personal gain is also clearly unethical. IABC Code of Ethics for victor Communicators Preface Because hundreds of thousands of business communicators worldwide engage in activities that affect the lives of millions of people, and because this power carries with it significant favorable responsibilities, the International Association of Business Communicators developed the Code of Ethics for captain Communicators. The Code is based on three different yet interrelated principles of professional communication that apply throughout the world.These principles assume that just societies are governed by a profound respect for human rights and the rule of law that ethics, the criteria for determining what is right and wrong, can be agreed upon by members of an organization and, that correspondence matters of taste requires sensitivity to cultural norms. These principles are essential professional communication is legal. Professional communic ation is ethical. Professional communication is in good taste. Recognizing these principles, members of IABC will Engage in communication that is not only legal but also ethical and beautiful to cultural values and beliefs Engage in truthful, accurate and fair communication that facilitates respect and mutual understanding adhere to the following articles of the IABC Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators. Because conditions in the world are constantly changing, members of IABC will work to improve their individual competence and to increase the body of knowledge in the field with look into and education. Articles 1.Professional communicators uphold the credibility and dignity of their profession by practicing honest, candid and timely communication and by fostering the free flow of essential information in accord with the public interest. 2. Professional communicators transmit accurate information and promptly correct any erroneous communication for which they may be resp onsible. 3. Professional communicators understand and support the principles of free speech, freedom of assembly, and access to an open marketplace of ideas and act accordingly. 4.Professional communicators are sensitive to cultural values and beliefs and engage in fair and balanced communication activities that foster and encourage mutual understanding. 5. Professional communicators refrain from taking part in any undertaking which the communicator considers to be unethical. 6. Professional communicators obey laws and public policies governing their professional activities and are sensitive to the spirit of all laws and regulations and, should any law or public policy be violated, for whatever reason, act promptly to correct the situation. 7.Professional communicators give credit for unique expressions borrowed from others and identify the sources and purposes of all information disseminated to the public. 8. Professional communicators protect confidential information and, at the s ame time, comply with all legal requirements for the disclosure of information affecting the welfare of others. 9. Professional communicators do not use confidential information gained as a result of professional activities for personal benefit and do not represent conflicting or competing interests without written consent of those involved. 0. Professional communicators do not accept undisclosed gifts or payments for professional services from anyone other than a client or employer. 11. Professional communicators do not guarantee results that are beyond the power of the practitioner to deliver. 12. Professional communicators are honest not only with others but also, and most importantly, with themselves as individuals for a professional communicator seeks the truth and speaks that truth first to the self. Enforcement and Communication of the IABC Code of EthicsIABC fosters compliance with its Code by engaging in global communication campaigns rather than through negative sanctions. However, in keeping with the sixth article of the IABC Code, members of IABC who are found sinful by an appropriate governmental agency or judicial body of violating laws and public policies governing their professional activities may have their membership terminated by the IABC executive board following procedures set by in the associations bylaws. IABC encourages the widest possible communication about its Code.The IABC Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators is produce in several languages and is freely available to all Permission is hereby granted to any individual or organization wishing to copy and incorporate all or part of the IABC Code into personal and corporate codes, with the understanding that appropriate credit be given to IABC in any publication of such codes. The IABC Code is published on the associations web site. The associations bimonthly magazine, Communication World, publishes periodic articles dealing with ethical issues.At least one session at the as sociations annual conference is devoted to ethics. The international headquarters of IABC, through its professional development activities, encourages and supports efforts by IABC disciple chapters, professional chapters, and regions to conduct meetings and workshops devoted to the topic of ethics and the IABC Code. New and renewing members of IABC sign the following statement as part of their application I have reviewed and understand the IABC Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators. As a service to communicators worldwide, inquiries about ethics and questions or comments about the IABC Code may be addressed to members of the IABC Ethics Committee. The IABC Ethics Committee is composed of at least three accredited members of IABC who serve staggered three-year terms. Other IABC members may serve on the committee with the approval of the IABC executive committee. The functions of the Ethics Committee are to assistance with professional development activities dealing with eth ics and to offer advice and assistance to individual communicators regarding specific ethical situations.