Early Civilization Matrix

Early Civilizations Matrix Using your readings and outside sources total the accompanying framework. Make certain to address the accompanying in your grid: †¢Provide names, titles, dates, brief depictions of significant occasions, and different subtleties as fundamental. †¢Note the subtleties of key political, financial, mechanical, masterful, melodic, engineering, philosophical, and artistic improvements for every development recorded in the table, which were confirm in the humanities. Make certain to appropriately refer to the sources that you use in finishing this grid. Civilization|Politics|Society/Economics|Technology|Art|Music|Architecture|Philosophy|Literature| Prehistoric |N/A|N/A|Arti-create was one the numerous thing that was imagined during this time, hostile to make are thing, for example, chasing weapon lances, rocks. |Art was one of the numerous things that was begun in the ancient time cavern workmanship was established in numerous piece of the world the most seasoned one was established Lascaux France in1945 this is known to be one of the most seasoned cavern craftsmanship. |N/A|Stonehenge was the greatest building piece that the ancient assembled. It was utilized as a heavenly schedule anticipating the development of the sun and moon, it was worked in Wiltshire, England on 3000-1800 B. C. E. |N/A|N/A| Mesopotamian |During this purpose of time correspondence was an extremely troublesome procedure. This made the Mesopotamian make distinctive city-states and autonomous of the others and defensive of its autonomy. |The Mesopotamian had an exceptionally rich economy; because of its scene encompassed by significant piece of water, fishing was one of the numerous incredible piece of exchanging this drove them to be an affluent nation. | The significant innovation presents in this period in the second thousand years B. C. E was Iron. Iron was an innovation utilized for some thing, for example, cultivating instruments, defensive layer. |Graves found in Ur, Iraq and in a better place in Mesopotamian drove prehistorian to discover delightful craftsmanship. Sound box of a Harp represented non-enduring bits of epic, or they alluded to respected tales. |Harps were found in Ur, Iraq. This was a hint that music was played during this time for individuals to recount anecdotes about epic characters|One of the numerous designs found in Mesopotamian are this huge sanctuaries that were found in Ur, Iraq. This was utilized to adore there god and to show the youthful session their history and about their god. |Much epic way of thinking was established for this period. The greatest one was Babylonian thought impacted early Greek and Hellenistic philosophy|One of the most well known writing of this time Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, interpreted from the first Sumerian masterminded upon a galactic rule. Every division contains the narrative of a solitary experience in the vocation of Gilgamesh. | Ancient Egyptian|The pioneer of the legal framework was officially the pharaoh, who was responsible for authorizing laws, conveying honesty, and keeping up peace. Egyptians didn't utilize cash until some other time in time; they used such a cash trade framework with average sacks of grain and the Deben a load of approximately 91 grams|Traditional induction since confirm by the Edwin Smith and Eber in 1600 BC is first perceived by the Egyptians. The Egyptians framed their individual letter set and decimal framework. |Artist in Ancient Egyptian utilized stone to cut sculptures and fine reliefs The Bust of Nefertiti, by the artist Thutmose, is one of the most acclaimed showstoppers of old Egyptian craftsmanship. In Ancient Egypt music and move were in vogue stimulations, for the rich one. At an early stage instruments included woodwinds and harps, while instruments like trumpets, oboes, and channel s grew later and got famous. Music was a significant piece during strict occasions. |Ancient Egypt remembers the absolute most popular structures for the world: the Great Pyramids of Giza which is known to be worked in 2575 B. C. E. Structure ventures were arranged and subsidized by the state for sacrosanct and festivity purposes, yet in addition to strengthen the intensity of the pharaoh. The story of Sinuhe, written in Middle Egyptian, might be the exemplary of Egyptian composition. Printed as of now was the Westcar Papyrus, a lot of stories advised to Khufu by his children including the wonders performed by clerics. The Instruction of Amen sulk is estimated a work of virtuoso of eastern writing. |Script first showed up in inclusion with sovereignty on marks and labels for objects set up in imperial burial places. A couple of the best recognized bits of antiquated Egyptian composing, for example, the Pyramid and Coffin Texts, were written in Classical Egyptian, which supported to be the language of composing until 1300 BC. Aegean|The position was governed by a ruler, whose job was military, legal, and strict. |The economy was constrained by the system, which arranged update of outside and inward yield, scatter work, and were responsible for the giving out of food. |More amazing iron was worked during this time 1200 B. C. E. This prompted a bigger military and more apparatuses for chasing and cultivating. |One of the most celebrated workmanship in this time period is the Bull-jumping fresco, in Knossos, Crete in 1500 B. C. E. Image of the cutting edge bull battling which were systematized by Julius Caesar. |Music was utilized for strict event. Once in a while utilized during internment and church exercises. |Citadels were disconnected fortresses that without a doubt served to militarily control an area. Dividers were regularly made in a manner called cyclopean, which implies that they were built of huge, rocks freely fitted without the mud mortar of the day. |The Aegean age recounted to numerous accounts however the most well known one were the one of Trojans war passing them from age to age. The story are known to be known as the Iliad and the Odyssey. |Story of Iliad and Odyssey were written in content this story is written in 16000 long queues. | Archaic Greek|Archaic Greek is known to possess realms administering over generally huge regions. |Archaic Greek was one of the most exceptional pre-modern economies. For the most part all the individuals had an occupation to do which kept the economy developing. ||||||| Classical Greek||||||||| Hellenistic ||||||||| Roman||||||||| Judaic ||||||||| Early Christian||||||||| Byzantium||||||||| Islamic||||||||| .

SG Cowen Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SG Cowen - Case Study Example Societe Generale was a global bank established in 1864 in France and after its coordinated effort with Cowen and Company; it came to be known as SG Cowen from the year 1998. Continuously 2000, it had gotten one of the world’s biggest banks on the planet. By December 2000, they had obtained a benefit of more than $430 billion. One of their points was to put their decent footing in the United States as a venture bank. At the initiation SG Cowen had around 1,500 workers and they had wanted to stay as a ‘boutique-sized firm’. The employing procedure of the organization begins in late-winter and winter; in this way the competitors are relied upon to engage with the organization from summer. Regardless of not going to business colleges they have selected different competitors as experts and elevate them to a first year partner when they complete their third year in the firm. A couple of competitors who have finished their entry level position of business college in SG C owen get offer of all day work after their temporary job; consequently SG Cowen give a chance to them to participate in the resulting summer in the wake of finishing their course. Assessment of the Hiring Process Used by the Firm SG Cowen acknowledges resumes from the understudies and directs casual meeting in their office before the proper first round of meeting. In this manner, the understudies can get an opportunity to think about the business and their different capacities. Meanwhile, the organization can comprehend the longing, enthusiasm and earnestness of the understudies for the necessary position. The selecting chief of the organization, Mr. Rae has picked hardly any financial experts and offered the duty of captaining a group. The chief of the group is allocated for every one of those schools where SG Cowen will go for grounds enrollment. Preceding the initiation of the meeting procedure, each commander of the group makes brief proper introduction of the organization and a fterward has a casual discussion with the understudies for a predefined timeframe. Along these lines, the educational meeting is led. The understudies who are truly intrigued for the organization and its position make themselves completely arranged for the first round meeting. For choice of the applicant, SG Cowen follows a few timetables which comprise of both open and shut ones. In open calendar, the interests of the understudies are given needs and in shut one, the organization chooses the resumes of the up-and-comers which have been recently submitted. In the first round of the meeting, the questioners test the ‘culture fit’ of the up-and-comers. They likewise attempt to discover the ideal up-and-comers who can make it during Super Saturday. Hardly any financiers are liberal in their judgment of the understudies while others are intense during their appraisal. The subtleties of the candidate’s profile are referenced in the evaluation sheet which might be usef ul to the investors. The six competitors out of twenty four have been shortlisted for the second round. The meeting for the second round is led on the grounds on that night. In this manner, the chose understudies can be welcomed for the Super Saturday. Super Saturday begins on Friday evening where chosen up-and-comers from various schools show up and meet with the questioners for mixed drinks and supper at an eatery. The following day, for example Saturday morning is again the ideal opportunity for last round meeting. The meeting begins at nine comprising of five half-hour meetings for every up-and-comer with brief breaks. Therefore, Super Saturday is rushed and depleting for the questioners and the interviewees too. The questioners need to go to a ultimate choice identified with the employing procedure at the finish of this tiring method. In the wake of inspecting all

Midterm Essay Questions free essay sample

You are required to reply at any rate three of the inquiries recorded underneath. Demonstrate which addresses you are replying. Audit the rules beneath for full subtleties. Each paper reaction ought to be roughly 500-750 words. Incorporate your complete name, course number, and date in the upper right of your report record before transferring it. Name your record with your first starting, last name, and submit it to the 3. 1 Discussion Board gathering by Thursday, March 29 at 11:59pm. Pick just 2 friend Midterms to peruse and talk about by Sunday, April 1 at 11:59pm. Use one artistic content from each of the follow records so as to address the paper questions #1-#3. Use your selection of writings varying to address exposition question #4: Choice 1: (an) Othello Choice 2: (a) The Epic of Gilgamesh (b) Old Testament: Genesis (c) Medea Choice 3: (a) The Canterbury Tales (b) Metamorphose 1. Consider the idea of â€Å"wild person† in setting with Enkidu in the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†. We will compose a custom article test on Midterm Essay Questions or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Presently consider the idea of â€Å"foreigner† or â€Å"outsider† as they are identify with characters in Medea and Othello. For this paper question you will characterize the term â€Å"barbarian† in setting with those readings, associate it to a topic or thought, and expound on its noteworthiness/which means in progress. Make certain to distinguish the works you are covering. 2. Examine the utilization of extraordinary powers and how these forces strengthen or challenge thoughts, subjects, and so on, regarding sexual orientation. Make certain to recognize the works you are covering. 3. Look into the main impetus of plot in the three works you have chosen. Make certain to separate between the works in your reaction. 4. In Modules Two and Three you used your web journals to think about the conversations, readings, and different exercises. Recognize one idea from the writing that reverberated with your very own part life and why. This might be an idea you blogged about already or one that happens to you now because of earlier appearance in your blog. In this exposition you will burrow further and additionally develop this idea. First distinguish the concept’s topical essentialness, (for example, the saint, or the job of ladies, or moral qualities, or perspectives on nature for instance).

Nuclear threat Free Essays

The multiplication of weapons of mass annihilation (WMD) has become an illustration for 21st-century security concerns. Albeit atomic weapons have not been utilized since the finish of World War II, their effect on universal security issues is inescapable, and ownership of WMD stays a significant separation in worldwide legislative issues today (Norris 61). The atomic stances of the previous Cold War rivals have advanced more gradually than the quick breaking political improvements of the decade or so that has passed since the previous Soviet Union fallen. We will compose a custom paper test on Atomic danger or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now All things considered, some significant changes have just occurred. By shared assent, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972 was ended by the United States and Russia, which have consented to alter their atomic hostile power pose fundamentally through an enormous decrease in the quantity of conveyed conveyance frameworks. Atomic weapons are no longer at the focal point of this respective relationship. In spite of the fact that the two countries are seeking after different teachings for their remaining atomic weapons act, neither one of the approaches represents a danger to the next. The structure, however not the point by point content, of things to come U.S. atomic stance was communicated in the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), which set up a huge doctrinal move from discouragement to a progressively mind boggling way to deal with tending to the issue of multiplied WMD. The Russian doctrinal adjustment to the post-Cold War security condition is to some degree progressively murky. The administration has all the earmarks of being centered around creating and handling low-yield weapons that are progressively reasonable for strategic use, however the present structure of new rockets and warheads might be related with new key atomic payloads also. In spite of the lessened post ­Cold War job of atomic weapons in the United States, the combined crumbling of Russia’s traditional military power since 1991 has really made atomic weapons progressively integral to that government’s resistance strategy. The finish of the antagonistic relationship with the Soviet Union (and later, the Russian Federation) must be considered in the NPR. The current atomic stance is developing in a way corresponding to the modernization of the U.S. non-atomic military foundation. As a conspicuous difference to Cold Warâ ­era military arranging, the 21st century is probably going to be portrayed by conditions in which the enemy isn't notable far ahead of time of a potential showdown. The U.S. Branch of Defense (DOD) is changing in accordance with these new conditions by growing profoundly able and adaptable military powers that can adjust to the attributes of enemies as they show up. This makes the conventional way to modernization through interest in weapons frameworks as the danger rises financially infeasible. Present day data innovation lets the military change the qualities of its adaptable weapons and powers in substantially less time than it would take to grow entirely different weapons frameworks. In this manner, DOD is endeavoring to make a military data framework: the coordinated impact of order control-correspondences calculation knowledge observation and surveillance (C4ISR). This framework is intrinsically progressively adaptable for adjusting to changes in the danger condition. WMD and the way to convey them are experienced innovations, and information on the most proficient method to make such capacities is generally disseminated. Additionally, the overall expense of these abilities declined strongly close to the finish of the twentieth century. Today, the least fortunate countries on earth, (for example, North Korea and Pakistan) have seen WMD as the most appealing course accessible to meet their security needs (Lieggi 2). Expansion of WMD was invigorated as a unintended result of a U.S. inability to put resources into innovations, for example, ballistic rocket protection that could have discouraged countries from putting resources into such weapons. The United States’ distraction with dissuading the Soviet Union fused the mistaken presumption that accomplishment in that field would deflect expansion somewhere else (Barnaby 7). This slip-up was intensified by the unreasonable connection between safeguard arrangement and arms control during the 1990s. Lost certainty was held up in a system of multilateral understandings and practices to forestall multiplication that added to darkening as opposed to lighting up what was going on. Certainty set in the examination arrangements of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), for instance, clouded endeavors to acquire information on secret WMD programs. NPT signatories were among those countries with surreptitious WMD programs. Without a modernization of barrier arrangement, the prepared accessibility of WMD-related innovation will merge with their declining relative expense and a lethally defective arms control structure to invigorate further multiplication in the 21st century. The procedure whereby WMD and ballistic rocket innovation has multiplied among a gathering of countries that in any case share no normal interests are probably going to turn into the layout for 21st-century expansion. The extent of this issue was perceived to some extent because of a thorough survey of knowledge information in 1997â ­1998 by the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (the Rumsfeld Commission). This acknowledgment quickly advanced into a lot of noteworthy strategy activities that reacted to changes in the worldwide security condition. The arms control plans most firmly related to the antagonistic relationship with the previous Soviet Union were passã ©. In 1999 the Senate wouldn't endorse the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; the United States and Russia finished the 1972 ABM Treaty and consented to cast off the START procedure, which kept atomic arrangements at Cold War levels for a lot further decreases in hostile powers in 2002. U.S. strategy started to advance in light of these turns of events. The contrariness between the Cold War inheritance atomic stance and the 21st-century security condition invigorated a quest for ways to deal with modernize approaches appropriate to atomic weapons. In light of legal heading, the Bush organization distributed the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Nuclear Posture Review, the National Defense Strategy of the United States, and the National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. Taken together, these reports comprise the most significant change in U.S. arrangement identified with atomic weapons since the Eisenhower organization (Krepon 1). The one of a kind abilities of atomic weapons may in any case be required in certain conditions, yet the scope of options in contrast to them is a lot more noteworthy today. The development of innovation has made a chance to move from an approach that stops through the danger of enormous reprisal to one that can sensibly try to the additionally requesting aimâ€to deter. In the event that foe WMD frameworks can be held in danger through a mix of exactness non-atomic strike and dynamic guard, atomic weapons are less fundamental (Albright 2). By building up a military capacity that holds a proliferators’ whole WMD act in danger as opposed to depending exclusively on the capacity to discourage the danger or utilization of WMD after they have been created, delivered, and conveyed, the possibilities for decreasing the job of WMD in worldwide legislative issues are significantly better. The 21st-century multiplication issue makes a lot of targets fundamentally not the same as those that existed during the Cold War. Barely any objectives can be held in danger just by atomic weapons, yet the ones that are suitable may require various qualities and, by and large, unexpected structures in comparison to those presently in the atomic store. The idea of the objectives and the extent of the potential danger likewise modify the character of the fundamental logical, building, and mechanical framework that underpins the atomic weapons posture.â This examination paper will consequently look to talk about the issue of atomic gadgets or WMDs (as they are directly named) and attempt to deliver to current strategy issues encompassing the issue. RESEARCH OUTLINE: Presentation: a.)  what is the issue encompassing atomic dangers in the 21st century b.)  what are the ongoing advancements encompassing this issue c.)  what arrangements have been effective in tending to these issue BODY: a.)  who are atomic dangers b.)  what has been done to stop c.)  What should be possible? d.)  What can the US do? What can the UN do? End: References: Robert Norris and Hans Kristensen, â€Å"Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2006,† Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62. no. 3 (2006): 61. Stephanie Lieggi, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, â€Å"Going Beyond the Stir: the vital real factors of China’s No First Use policy,† Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/investigation/articles/real factors chinas-no-first-use-arrangement/(got to June 30, 2006). Plain Barnaby and Shaun Barnie, Thinking the Unthinkable: Japanese atomic force and expansion in East Asia (Oxford, UK: Oxford Research Group and Citizens’ Nuclear Information Center, 2005): 7†³8. George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.) Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones Ziad Haider eds., â€Å"Escalation Control the Nuclear Option in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, September 2004, https://www.stimson.org/?id=191, (May 2005). Content of â€Å"Export Controls on Goods, Technologies, Material, and Equipment Related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems Act, 2004,† Published in Gazette of Pakistan, 27 September 2004, Cited at, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2004/infcirc636.pdf, (May 2005). Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne eds., â€Å"The S

The Middle East Essay Example for Free

The Middle East Essay The superpowers assumed an essential job in acquiring change the Middle East, in spite of the fact that this change was not in every case fundamentally great. There are key case of Superpowers contributing war, however similarly the superpowers confined war too. Toward the beginning of the period in 1948: the superpowers assumed a significant job in the formation of Israel. The USA was the most striking nation to exhibit their help for Zionism, particularly following the consequence of the subsequent war. The UN uncommon board of trustees on the Palestinian issue incorporated the USA, and henceforth their voice was essential in resounding the voices of Palestinian Jews. The USSR likewise upheld the making of a Jewish state since compassion toward Jews following the Holocaust was additionally high with the Soviet Union. What's more, when the province of Israel was at last announced in May 1948, the USA was the main nation to perceive Israel. Israeli endurance was additionally reliant upon American help, as during the First Arab Israeli clash to have gotten around 15,000 rifles from the USA which were essential in vanquishing the Arabs. The voice of the super powers, specifically the USA was in this way significant the formation of Israel, and without such a ground-breaking partner, all things considered, Israel would have stopped to exist. This connects to the subsequent change achieved by the Superpowers as the USA and USSR utilized the Middle East to rival each other-the USA having just communicated help for Israel left the USSR backing the Arabs. President Nasser attempted to abuse superpower backing to pick up subsidizing for his Aswan dam and the USA dreading Soviet impact would not advance Nasser cash. The USSR anyway upheld the Egypt which assisted strains among Egypt and Israel. With the Soviet Union passing out weapons to Egypt, the USA saw it just approiate to finance the Israelis distributing $65 million. With the help of superpower support, the two nations edged nearer to war since they felt better arranged. This was a change from 1948 when the Superpowers were not straightforwardly fuelling the contention. This connects to a third change, as the superpowers understood that they couldn't bear to make struggle between the nations in the Middle East in the event that it overflowed into an enormous scaled war. That’s why, when the Israelis in the end assaulted Israel, upheld by French and British powers the USA promptly compromised Britain with money related assents on the off chance that she wouldn't pull back. The Soviet Union even compromised Britain with an atomic weapons. So an unmistakable change can be the place the Superpower forestalled struggle instead of causing it. Maybe the most noteworthy change achieved by the superpowers was the Multi day war. Following the Suez emergency in 1956, strain started ascending as war broke out in 1967. The USA had been subsidizing the Israelis and giving them weapons while the Soviets had been doing likewise with the Israelis. The Soviets gave bogus insight to the Syrians that an Israeli assault was innate and this just served to build the pressures between the different sides in the long run overflowing into a war. Israel’s unrivaled hardware was displayed as they decimated the Egyptian aviation based armed forces predominantly inside 6 hours. One can say this is because of the USA and the subsidizing gave by them. Show see just The above review is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE International relations 1945-1991 segment.

Improve Your Right Stuff Thinking Through Essays

Improve Your Right Stuff Thinking Through EssaysTrying to improve your write stuff thinking through essays can be a bit tricky. For a lot of students, it is hard for them to assess and deal with their emotions and thoughts which are often quite vague and non-specific. As a result, they are unable to put their ideas and thoughts down in writing as they should.If you have been working on writing essays but you find yourself failing to write down your thoughts and emotions in them, then you should try to stop this from happening. Try to think of what you want to write in your essays before you even start writing it. You can draw a diagram and compare your thoughts to the writing process. This will make your tasks easier.Another good tip is to talk about the way in which you came up with your ideas or thoughts and how you changed them. This can help you overcome the difficulties of writing without being able to stick to the word 'I'. It can also help you realize your thought processes an d helps you remember your thoughts in a more accurate way.When you think about writing your essay, always put your mind to it. Writing your thoughts is easy, but when you are struggling to put it down in words, it is a little bit difficult.The easiest way to do this is to stop yourself from thinking that you are going to write something and then try to create it instead. You can take notes about the things that you remember while writing. Write them down even if they are going to sound strange or wrong to you. This will help you write more clearly.When you are trying to come up with the main idea of your essay, remember that it is important to start with something simple. Keep your writing short and interesting so that you can easily put down the thoughts and emotions that you have without repeating yourself too much.As soon as you have the main idea, use vocabulary that you know and make it related to your essay topic. Do not use new words and try to use the ones that you learned e arlier on in your studies so that you will be able to get your point across easily.You will also find that writing your essay is easier when you make use of some techniques to help you overcome the difficulties that you may have when coming up with the idea of your essay. One of the best ways to solve this problem is to come up with your own thoughts about the main idea of your essay and then go back to them when you are done. This will help you solve the problems that you face when coming up with your main idea.

Plato’s and Smith’s Differing Epistemologies Assessing Phaedrus and Rereading Barthes and Nabokov - Literature Essay Samples

To figure out the nature of knowledge, one must ask what it means to know, or fail to know something. This involves understanding what knowledge is, and determining cases in which one knows something, and cases in which one does not know something. When acquiring knowledge, people try to increase their supply of true beliefs, and in turn minimize their false beliefs. In The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms, epistemology is defined under the definition of feeling: epistemology is â€Å"the theory of how we come to know† (Childs 85). It is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge, and what makes knowledge knowable. Between the two processes involved in knowing, â€Å"traditionally, reason and feeling,† (85) philosophy concentrates on reason. Plato’s Phaedrus, and Zadie Smith’s, Re-reading Barthes and Nabokov, analyze epistemology and discuss the nature/extent of human knowledge. Both philosophers use reason, for Plato’s S ocrates does not mention feeling at all, and Barthes eliminates feeling entirely. In Smith’s reading of Barthes, she struggles to eliminate feeling. According to Plato’s Socrates, knowledge is already known before one is born, and life requires recollecting these concepts, thus learning the â€Å"real† truth. Plato calls these true beliefs mneme, signified by a capital letter. Mneme is the â€Å"best† knowledge that can only be accessed through the soul. Plato uses epistemology to stress the importance of the autonomy of the knowledge in one’s soul. He states: â€Å"The place beyondWhat is in this place is without color and without shape and without solidity, a being that really is what it is, the subject of all true knowledge, visible only to intelligence, the soul’s steersman† (Plato 247C). This â€Å"place beyond† refers to an afterlife, where one is rid of their physical body. Plato dislikes the physical body as it is a jail cell for the soul (the â€Å"original sin†). This â€Å"intelligence† is truth, or absolute knowledge, and â€Å"steers† one’s soul, for the soul is self-made, self-ruled, and without origin or source. He warns people to trust their mind and soul, not their senses, to recognize these absolute truths, because senses are produced by the world around them (Barnes). The world taints the absolute knowledge and possesses the soul, so one is not fully themselves, which is Plato’s ultimate fear. He does not want to look towards the world and outside for knowledge; he looks inward for finding that absolute knowledge. Plato continues to praise the revelation of reality through the soul by saying: But a soul that never saw the truth cannot take a human shape, since a humanbeing must understand speech in terms of general forms, proceeding to bring many perceptions together into a reasoned unity. That process is the recollection of the things our soul saw when it was traveling with god, when it disregarded the things we now call real and lifted up its head to what is truly real instead (249B). Before birth, in the past, people acquired knowledge outside of our current sensible life on a spiritual level. In life on earth, learning is the way that they recall that knowledge, or anamnesis. Reminders of absolute concepts are signified by a lowercase letter, as in Beauty vs. beauty, or real beauty versus a reminder of beauty. Everyone recollects, and combined with observation, people form a universal knowledge, which is the â€Å"reasoned unity† Plato is talking about. This quote also comments on the extent of human knowledge, where people cannot access absolute knowledge in their earthly bodies. Thus, Plato agrees there is a limit to human knowledge, and until people can access the truthful intelligence exclusively in their souls, skepticism is a legitimate concern. Smith determines Barthes’ epistemology by re-examining â€Å"The Death of the Author.† In her rereading, she informs the reader of her initial concern: Barthes spoke with the pleasure of the text, Nabokov of asking his students to read ‘with your brain and your spine†¦the tingle in the spine really tells you what the author felt and wished you to feel.’ Barthes, though, had no interest in what the author felt or wished you to feel, which is where my trouble starts (44). Barthes speaks of pleasure in â€Å"From Work to Text,† specifically jouissance, where there is â€Å"pleasure without separation†. What makes the knowledge knowledgeable here is the death of the author, and thus the birth of the reader. Unlike Nabokov, his disinterest relates to the intentional fallacy, a faulty interpretation of what the author intended, or â€Å"what the author felt,† and the affective fallacy, where the reader makes an error based off of their emotions. Often incorrect analysis surrounds what the author â€Å"wished you to feel,† or the feeling the author intended his or her reader to feel. This puts a limit on how much the reader can actually know, since any personal aspects or feelings about the author in conjunction with his work are falsehoods. In comparing Plato with Barthes, the bound thoughts and language (the work) is the mneme, the reader’s special relationship (the Text) is the anamnesis, and any interpretations or feelings based off of the author’s personal life are hypomnemata. The author’s true intention and intelligence would be the soul that is claimed to have the absolute truths, because only the author knows what they really meant, and that is the real meaning of the work. The special relationship, which in this metaphor would be the Text to anamnesis, is somewhat glossed over by Barthes and Plato. The philosophers recognize these concepts, but these are the least touched upon due to their favor for the work or the mneme. The favoritism is more obvious in Plato than Barthes, as Plato is frustrated with the earthly lack of mneme, yet Barthes does not favor the special relationship, because the relationship can be tainted by untrue assumptions. Again, this circles back to the untrue perceptio ns of truths and absolute knowledge in Plato. The interpretation of the reader and hypomnemata revolve around falsehoods, and are condemned by Barthes and Plato. Nabokov interrupts this philosophical discussion, for he is genuinely concerned with the aspect of feelings of the author and the reader. Smith understands Nabokov’s perspective more than Barthes, because he seems to omit feelings completely. Barthes dismisses the author and points out the flaws in his or her readers’ common interpretations. Instead, he focuses on the material and the knowledge within the materials, as passed down from the Text to the work to the interpretation. Smith’s â€Å"trouble† and frustration begins with what Barthes wants from the reader, and what he wants the reader to feel, since their interpretations are futile against the actual intention of the author, which only the author knows. What constitutes reality and what makes that knowledge knowable ultimately tie Plato and Smith together, as both of their subjects perceive reality as knowable through strict limits. In her reading, Smith quotes Nabokov: Reality is a very subjective affair. I can only define it as a kind of gradual accumulation of information; and as specializationyou can get nearer and nearer, so to speak, to reality; but you never get near enough because reality is an infinite succession of steps, levels of perception, false bottoms, and hence unquenchable, unattainable. You can know more and more about one thing but you can never know everything about one thing: it’s hopeless (47). In the context of Phaedrus, â€Å"getting nearer† is anamnesis, and Nabokov agrees one can never truly know reality. Anamnesis reminds people of the absolute knowledge, and is the closest they can get to that in their earthly bodies. Plato’s Socrates would agree that trying to know all absolutes is hopeless because the process cannot be achieved through life on earth. To know everything, one must access the intelligence of their soul. Smith calls this â€Å"a different type of interpretive hopelessness† (47). Hermeneutics and epistemology have been â€Å"subjected to a twin crisis† for Barthes, because â€Å"there is no there there. With the author dead, no longer the past of his own text, nor its source of nourishment or final meaning, the scriptor merely ‘traces a field without origin’ or which, at least, has no other origin than language itself, language which ceaselessly calls into question all origins† (48). She then uses an excer pt from the essay where Barthes claims to refuse meaning is to refuse God’s reason, science and law, and compares the knowledge of the text to the real world: â€Å"Just as we must give up the urge to know the reality of the text, we must also give up the hope of knowing the world in its ultimate reality† (48). Despite their desires, people will never be able to know the world in its ultimate reality, because they cannot know everything as it really is. This also relates back to the skepticism of knowledge, since with this realization, people may not know as much correct knowledge that they think they do. Plato and Barthes agree on the fact that people will never know the ultimate reality in their bodies. Smith then states that Barthes’ readers must settle for â€Å"disentangling† the text as opposed to â€Å"deciphering it, which causes their â€Å"power† to be â€Å"relinquished† (48). Students are taught to believe that as readers, they have the power to interpret a text however they please, as long as they can provide evidence for that claims. For Barthes, any evidence is irrelevant because their thoughts, interpretations, feelings are immediately and already wrong, for they will never parallel the author’s intention. Instead of finding its meaning, readers must disconnect with the text, as in disconnecting their feelings. This is difficult for naturally empathetic students, who try to find a tone or mood in the material to better understand it. Smith describes Barthes’ portrait of the reader as â€Å"prepotent† and â€Å"blissed out, picking her way through a riot of potential meanings. Both Plato’s Socrates and Smith’s Barthes refrain from talking about epistemology, but their viewpoints become clear when considering the nature and extent of human knowledge. The author and reader’s relationship through language, interpretation, and fallacies can be likened to mneme, anamnesis, and hypomnemata. They agree that humanity cannot achieve all and absolute knowledge, and that epistemology lies more within reason than feeling. Smith cannot find any mention nor recognition of feeling, whether from the author or the reader, yet this brings Barthes and Plato closer together. Although they wrote centuries apart from each other, their philosophies resemble each other through the lens of epistemology.